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481.
482.
我国对大气酸沉降的研究起自70年代末.以酸雨研究占主导地位。我国酸雨现象区域性、发展性强,在地理上以南方酸性土壤地区为主,在成分上以硫酸盐型酸雨为主;无论是酸度还是频率,酸雨都是极严重的生态环境问题。酸沉降已对农、林生态系统生产产生了严重的破坏效应,但其累积性的环境化学反馈却未引起人们的足够重视。我国酸雨地区以强酸性富铝土壤为主,对大气酸沉降有较大的敏感性。应用β指标还表明,酸沉降可使南方主要土壤因酸化而在30—60年内降低pH一个单位。近年来对酸沉降诱发的土壤酸化研究以模拟降水的土柱试验为主,从pH下降、盐基淋出、Al及重金属移动等方面来提示出酸沉降可能对土壤产生的化学影响。但作为过程化学研究,其案例监测研究的报道尚很少。对于南方严重的酸雨现象,应加强实地动态监测和过程分析,注重Al化学及其对环境的反馈,将酸沉降对生态系统的破坏提高到生态毒理机制上。 相似文献
483.
This article is concerned with the notion of duration of wet and dry epochs in stochastic processes of spatially averaged (instantaneous) rain rate over a given region. Gamma, Lognormal, and Inverse Gaussian parametric families of probability distributions have been considered as candidate models for the distribution of such durations. Goodness of these model's fit to data of dry and wet epoch durations obtained from real time series of spatially averaged rain rate, has been tested with Pearson's
-test. The parameters of each of these models have been estimated by maximum likelihood and method of moments, based on TOGA-COARE measurements of tropical rainfall. The hypotheses of independence and identical distribution (i.i.d.) among durations of dry or wet epochs have also been tested using a certain version of the Wald-Wolfowitz test. Finally, the effect of spatial scale on the moments of dry and wet epoch durations has also been investigated, pointing to self-similarity of the underlying random structures over space. The main result of this study is that among the three candidate models, Inverse Gaussian is the one conforming most adequately with all the classical testing criteria implemented here, and also with the newly established scaling behavior of both dry and wet epoch duration processes over space. This is a remarkable finding, considering that the Inverse Gaussian family has recently been also justified from a theoretical viewpoint as a reasonable model for the probability distributions of dry and wet epoch durations. 相似文献
484.
在调研了上海化学工业生产技术的基础上,针对目前污染严重的一些生产工艺提出了可替代的清洁生产技术。在洁净煤、环氧丙烷、碳酸二甲酯、聚醚、异丙苯、丙烯腈、丙二醇醚等项目方面提出了相应的建议。 相似文献
485.
Robert D. Gibbons 《Environmental and Ecological Statistics》1995,2(2):125-145
With increasing concern over chemicals that are potential health hazards at low levels, determination of limits of detection have undergone considerable scrutiny. Most traditional detection limit estimators suffer from extensive statistical and/or conceptual limitations. In this paper, traditional detection limit estimators are described and critically evaluated. Using the terminology of Currie (1968), methods are categorized into decision limits versus detection limits. The methods are further categorized into single concentration design versus calibration design methodologies. While the single concentration design methods are useful for fixing ideas and clarifying definitions, they are shown to be extremely limited in practice since dependence of variability on concentration can neither be estimated or incorporated. Calibration-based detection limit estimators are described, compared and contrasted. Generalizations to non-constant variance, multiple future detection decisions and simultaneous control of Type I and II errors are provided. The various calibration-based methods are illustrated using real data and experimental design issues for detection limit studies discussed. 相似文献
486.
用扫描电镜分析表征大气气溶胶单颗粒 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
1 IntroductionAtmosphericaerosolsarecomplexmixture,originatedfromavarietyofsources.Mostoftheanalyticaltechniquesusedforitscharacterizationarebulkmethodsthatgenerateonesetofdatapersample,describingtheoverallcompositionofthesample .Toworkoutusefulinformationonpollu tionsources,itrequiresdataofagreatnumberofsamplesandmultivariatedataanalysismethodsusuallyareneeded .Ontheotherhand ,scanningelectronmicroscope energydispersiveX rayanaly sissystem (SEM EDX)isabletoprovideanalyticaldataforeachsing… 相似文献
487.
在调研了上海化学工业生产工艺的基础上,结合将来上海化学的原料和产品,着重提出了一些清洁生产工艺的建议和规划。在异氰酸酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、叔丁胺、苯胺、亚氨基二乙酸、碳四、苯二酚等项目方面提出了相应的建议。 相似文献
488.
In large-eddy simulations of atmospheric boundary layer turbulence, the lumped coefficient in the eddy-diffusion subgrid-scale
(SGS) model is known to depend on scale for the case of inert scalars. This scale dependence is predominant near the surface.
In this paper, a scale-dependent dynamic SGS model for the turbulent transport of reacting scalars is implemented in large-eddy
simulations of a neutral boundary layer. Since the model coefficient is computed dynamically from the dynamics of the resolved
scales, the simulations are free from any parameter tuning. A set of chemical cases representative of various turbulent reacting
flow regimes is examined. The reactants are involved in a first-order reaction and are injected in the atmospheric boundary
layer with a constant and uniform surface flux. Emphasis is placed on studying the combined effects of resolution and chemical
regime on the performance of the SGS model. Simulations with the scale-dependent dynamic model yield the expected trends of
the coefficients as function of resolution, position in the flow and chemical regime, leading to resolution-independent turbulent
reactant fluxes. 相似文献
489.
沈阳市大气颗粒物的特征 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
谢兵 《城市环境与城市生态》1994,7(1):12-17
本文根据沈阳市环境监测及科学研究的有关信息,简要综述了沈阳市区大气颗粒物的污染水平、物理和化学性质及针对性的防治颗粒物污染的建议。 相似文献
490.
论述了科学测算城市的空气环境容量、实施污染物总量控制、优化污染治理方案、实现环境质量达标的意义。通过对抚顺市区环境空气质量的分析得出影响抚顺市区环境空气质量达标的主要因子是TSP,其主要来源是燃煤和扬尘。由此.提出了空气质量达标的对策和具体措施。 相似文献