ICP－MS在大气颗粒物重金属分析中的应用研究

针对ICP－MS技术的使用特点及在大气颗粒物中重金属分析优势,对近年来中外学者在大气颗粒物重金属分析领域的应用进行了综述。主要从价态分析、样品采集过程中滤膜的选择、前处理时消解方式的选择、在ICP－MS的分析过程中,内标元素的选择及如何去除干扰的等五个方面作出了分析和阐述。     

湖南省典型城区降尘的重金属污染及健康风险研究

2011年－2014年对邵阳城区不同功能区降尘的铅镉污染开展监测及健康风险评价,监测结果表明,邵阳市城区铅、镉的年均含量分别为178.34 mg · kg－1、2.12 mg · kg－1,平均富集系数分别为5.6、16.6。健康风险评价结果表明,降尘中铅的非致癌风险大于镉,儿童的非致癌风险远高于成年女性和成年男性,手－口途径非致癌风险远高于其他两种途径,铅、镉的总非致癌风险人群危害较小,镉呼吸途径不具有致癌风险。     

春季南充城区PM_(10)污染水平及其水溶性离子特征研究

采用中流量颗粒物采样器采集了60个可吸入颗粒物(PM10)环境样品,并用离子色谱法(IC)对所采集样品中的8种水溶性离子组成特征进行了分析。结果显示,春季南充城区空气质量良好,PM10中8种水溶性离子浓度大小为SO2-4NO-3Ca2+Na+Cl-K+F-Mg2+。其中SO2-4、NO-3和Ca2+的平均质量浓度分别占总水溶性无机离子(TWSII)的62.4%、23.9%和4.7%。NO-3和SO2-4及Ca2+和Mg2+具有良好的相关关系,燃煤源对PM10的贡献大于机动车移动排放源的贡献;水溶性无机离子主要以NaCl、MgSO4和Mg(NO3)2的形式存在。     

深圳市近年来环境空气质量情况及主要影响因素分析研究

根据深圳10个国控监测点位大气自动监测数据以及自然、地理、经济、社会等相关情况,借助Spearman秩相关系数法、环境库兹涅茨曲线等方法,对深圳近年来环境空气质量及影响因素进行了分析。结果表明深圳环境空气质量总体保持较好水平,自2006年以来呈改善的趋势,机动车、电厂、港口码头、工业则是深圳大气污染的主要来源,优化的经济结构、下垫面组分类型多样等城市下垫面特征等均对环境空气质量改善起到一定的作用。     

大气颗粒物源解析CMB法与PFA法原理及比较研究

大气颗粒物已经成为中国许多大中城市的首要空气污染物.弄清楚大气颗粒物的来源及定量地计算出各个源的贡献值,为颗粒污染物的防治提供依据,这就涉及到大气颗粒物源解析技术.本文详细介绍了化学质量平衡（CMB）和主因子分析法（PFA）这两种主要的大气颗粒物源解析原理及方法,并比较两种方法各自的优缺点,以供选择合适的源解析方法对大气颗粒污染物的来源进行解析.     

硫氮沉降下西北荒漠煤矿区周边土壤性质的变化特点

近年来中国大部分区域大气硫、氮沉降速率趋于平稳甚至下降,但西北地区煤炭行业的快速发展使得硫、氮沉降速率加快.燃煤电厂作为酸前体物的主要排放源之一,在其周围开展硫、氮沉降效应研究,可为合理评价煤矿区大气污染物控制措施的实施效果提供数据支撑.该文以宁东能源化工基地3个燃煤电厂为采样点,研究了电厂周围土壤化学和生物学性质的变...     

温压炸药弹内爆轰特性试验研究

研究温压炸药爆炸初期弹内爆炸波作用过程,可以进一步分析温压炸药分散爆轰的作用机理,为温压炸药武器设计和系统优化提供可靠依据.设计了用测时法研究温压炸药爆轰波传播速度的试验装置,并用探针对相同组分和密度条件下、温压战斗部弹内爆炸初期的爆炸作用过程进行了对比试验,记录了触发时间信号,计算并分析了温压炸药弹内爆炸波的传播特性,得到了波阵面与弹径方向夹角α的变化规律.试验结果表明,温压炸药的爆轰波传播速度为4.632km/s,其弹内爆轰波的传播特性与中心高能分散药的爆轰波有密切联系,通过合理设计弹体结构和比药量,可以实现温压炸药的分散爆轰,提高温压炸药的爆炸威力.     

The Application of Chemical Leasing Business Models in Mexico

- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.02.294 Background, Aim and Scope. To better address the requirements of the changing multilateral order, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Cleaner Production Programme, in 2004, developed the new Sustainable Industrial Resource Management (SIRM) approach. This approach is in accordance with the principles decided at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992. Unlike the traditional approaches to environmental management, the SIRM concept captures the idea of achieving sustainable industrial development through the implementation of circular material and energy flows in the entire production chain and reduction of the amount of material and energy used with greater efficiency solutions. The SIRM approach seeks to develop new models to encourage a shift from selling products to supplying services, modifying, in this manner, the supplier/user relationship and resulting in a win-win situation for the economy and the environment. Chemical Leasing represents such a new service-oriented business model and is currently being promoted by UNIDO′s Cleaner Production Programme. Main Features. One of the potential approaches to address the problems related to ineffective use and over-consumption of chemicals is the development and implementation of Chemical Leasing business models. These provide concrete solutions to the effective management of chemicals and on the ways negative releases to the environment can be reduced. The Chemical Leasing approach is a strategy that addresses the obligations of the changing international chemicals policy by focusing on a more service-oriented strategy. Mexico is one of the countries that were selected for the implementation of UNIDO's demonstration project to promote Chemical Leasing models in the country. The target sector of this project is the chemical industry, which is expected to shift their traditional business concept towards a more service and value-added approach. This is being achieved through the development of company specific business models that implement the above-indicated Chemical Leasing concept with the support from the Mexican National Cleaner Production Centre (NCPC). Results and Conclusions. The implementation of Chemical Leasing in Mexico has proven to be an efficient instrument in enhancing sustainable chemical management and significantly reducing emissions in Mexico. Several companies from the chemical industrial sector implement or agreed to implement chemical leasing business models. Based on the positive findings of the project, several Mexican companies started to negotiate contents of possible Chemical Leasing contracts with suitable business partners. The project further aimed at disseminating information on Chemical Leasing. It successfully attracted globally operating companies in the chemicals sector to explore possibilities to implement Chemical Leasing business models in Mexico. At the international level, the results of the UNIDO project were presented on 20TH September 2005 during a side event of the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management (SAICM) Preparation Conference in Vienna. Recommendations and Outlook. To facilitate the promotion and application of Chemical Leasing project at international level, UNIDO is currently developing a number of tools to standardize Chemical Leasing projects. These include, among others, Chemical leasing contract models; Chemical Leasing data base to find partners for chemical leasing; and guidelines to implement Chemical Leasing projects and work programmes.     

Biological Air Quality Monitoring: a Review

Air quality monitoring is currently ensured by captors measuring few physicochemical parameters, then they cannot evaluate unforeseen compounds and the interaction effects of pollutants. On the contrary, the use of bioindicators can answer these problems. Among them, plants are used in two ways:1) Passive bioindicators: trees, lichens and mosses are used to determine the distribution and even the contaminants long-term effects on vast zones and, possibly, the concentrations of pollutants to which they were exposed.2) Active bioindicators: tobacco and mosses make available the defective zones in plants and enable determination of deposition fluxes.Moreover, techniques based on biomarkers identification should increase the answer's sensitivity. However, the plants present the disadvantage of being unable to provide a response in a time lapse comparable with that of the on-line analysers. Lastly, the development of tools using animal cells should allow, in the near future, to measure the total polluting load under conditions close to those of the routine techniques. Then, the real impact of the contaminant on public health could be approached.