Synchronous variation in water chemistry for 80 lakes in Southern Sweden

Variation in water chemistry was studied in 80 lakes in southern Sweden. The lakes had forest dominated catchments. The length of the time series was 14 years. Synchrony was calculated as Pearsons product moment correlation coefficients for all combinations of lakes, i.e. 3160 lake-pairs. The chemical variables studied were non-marine sulphate (SO₄ ^*), non-marine calcium (Ca^*), absorbance and acid neutralising capacity (ANC). Statistically significant synchrony occurred in 93% of all lake-pairs for SO₄ ^*, and between 58 and 67% for absorbance, Ca^* and ANC. In 70% of all lake-pairs, the synchrony was \s>0.71 for SO₄ ^*, which means that more than half of the variation in one lake could be explained by the variation in the other lake. For absorbance, Ca^* and ANC, about 25% of the lake-pairs had a synchrony \s>0.71. The relatively high synchrony for SO₄ ^* occurred during an overall downward trend in SO₄ ^* concentration.The degree of synchrony in our study was at a level comparable to other studies in northern America and England. However, our study included lakes in a much larger area, with distances of up to 500 km between the lakes, while earlier studies were made on small lake districts with lakes located within approximately 50 km. In contrast to these earlier studies, there was no correlation between synchrony and distance, lake characteristics or catchment characteristics. However, when a small subset of 15 lakes in the southeast of Sweden was selected, such relations were found.     

On the horizontal homogeneity of mass-related aerosol properties

We studied the mass-related aerosol properties, simultaneously attwo sites at the urban roof top level in the same city. Nosystematic influence of the wind vector on the difference in theaerosol concentrations between the two locations could be found.These results are compared with results from a second, similarexperiment over a larger distance including one urban and onerural site. Surprisingly, we could not detect a tendency whichwould indicate that sampling air at distance in the order of 1 kmwould be less affected by the heterogeneity than samplingdistanced in the order of 10 km apart. On the contrary, theresults suggest that mass-related properties at two sites in thesame city are not necessarily more similar than at an urban and arural site outside the city. These results stress the limitedhorizontal homogeneity of urban atmospheric aerosol. As aconclusion it is suggested that single-site measurements of mass-related aerosol properties should be considered to berepresentative for an area smaller than 1 km² on size.     

Combined use of rapid bioassessment protocols and sediment quality triad to assess stream quality

Physical, chemical and biological conditions at five stations on a small southeastern stream were evaluated using the Rapid Bioassessment Protocols (RBP) and the Sediment Quality Triad (SQT) to assess potential biological impacts of a municipal wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) on downstream resources. Physical habitat, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish assemblages were impaired at Stations 1 and 2 (upstream of the WWTF), suggesting that the degraded physical habitat was adversely impacting the fish and benthic populations. The SQT also demonstrated that Stations 1 and 2 were degraded, but the factors responsible for the impaired conditions were attributed to the elevated concentrations of polycylclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals (Mn, Pb) in the sediments. The source of contaminants to the upper reaches of the stream appears to be storm-water runoff from the city center. Increased discharge and stabilized base flow contributed by the WWTF appeared to benefit the physically-altered stream system. Although the two assessment procedures demonstrated biological impairment at the upstream stations, the environmental factors identified as being responsible for the impairment were different: the RBP provided insight into contributions associated with the physical habitat and the SQT contributed information on contaminants and sediment quality. Both procedures are important in the identification of physical and chemical factors responsible for environmental impairment and together they provide information critical to the development of appropriate management options for mitigation.     

A Screening Procedure for Identifying Acid-Sensitive Lakes from Catchment Characteristics

Monitoring of Wilderness lakes for potential acidification requires information on lake sensitivity to acidification. Catchment properties can be used to estimate the acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) of lakes. Conceptual and general linear models were developed to predict the ANC of lakes in high-elevation (2170 m) Wilderness Areas in Californias Sierra Nevada mountains. Catchment-to-lake area ratio, lake perimeter-to-area ratio, bedrock lithology, vegetation cover, and lake headwater location are significant variables explaining ANC. The general linear models were validated against independently collected water chemistry data and were used as part of a first stage screen to identify Wilderness lakes with low ANC. Expanded monitoring of atmospheric deposition is essential for improving the predictability of lake ANC.     

The Precision of Precipitation Chemistry Measurements in the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN)

Precision estimates are presented for precipitation chemistry and depth measurements made by the Canadian Air and Precipitation Monitoring Network (CAPMoN). The estimates were made for daily measurements of ion concentration and precipitation depth as well as for weekly, 28-day, seasonal and annual precipitation-weighted mean concentrations and depths. The data on which the estimates are based were collected from collocated samplers at five CAPMoN sites during the period 1985 to 1993. The data pairs from the collocated samplers were used to calculate the between-instrument error defined as 1/2 times the difference between the paired sample concentrations (or depths). For all of the ion concentrations and depths, the between-sampler errors were found not to be normally distributed, but the normality of the distributions improved with the length of the (volume-weighting) time period considered. A set of quantitative measures of overall network precision were derived in absolute (mg L^-1) and relative (%) units. These included the Modified Median Absolute Deviation (M.MAD), the P90% probability values and the Coefficient of Variation (CoV). The latter, defined as the percent ratio of the M.MAD to the median concentration (or depth), represents the relative precision at the center of the error and concentration (and depth) distributions. Based on the CoV values, the relative precision of the CAPMoN measurements was very high (better than 4%) for SO ₄ ^2- , NO ₃ ^- , pH, H⁺, NH ₄ ⁺ , sample depth and standard gauge depth, and not as high (between 10 and <35%) for Cl^-, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and K⁺. The ions with the lowest median concentrations had the poorest relative precision since so many of the concentrations were at or near the analytical detection limit. Except for the sample and standard gauge depths, both the absolute and relative precision improved with the length of the precipitation-weighting period. Detailed statistical testing established that the precision of the daily measurements is dependent on a number of factors, the most dominant being sample depth and concentration, i.e., the absolute precision improves with increasing sample depth and decreasing concentration. The strength of these relationships diminished with the length of the precipitation-weighting period being considered. Laboratory-related sources of imprecision were found to account for less than 4% of the overall daily measurement imprecision for most species, while field-related sources of imprecision accounted for the balance. Specialized plots are shown which allow data users to estimate the absolute and relative precision at any concentration and depth value.     

延安市近年来大气环境质量的变化分析

介绍了延安市市区大气环境中主要污染物二氧化硫、氮氧化物、总悬浮颗粒物近年来的变化特征,并对其进行了原因分析,从而找出了影响市区大气环境质量的一些主要因素。在此基础上进行了探讨,提出了进一步改善延安市大气环境质量的建议与对策。     

胶体灭火剂试验研究

分析了用水灭火时存在的明显不足，引入了可改善水灭火性能，提高水灭火安全性和灭火效率的胶体灭火剂。对作为实验用火源的木垛尺寸，水和胶体的实验流量进行了理论分析和设计，设计和制造了可实现定量配比胶体火火剂的试验装置。利用自行设计的灭火实验装置，研究了胶体灭火剂和水对比的流动性能，抗燃性能和灭火性能。实验结果显示，胶体灭火剂在一定浓度范围内具有较好的流动性，不会提高胶体在管路中的流动阻力；与水相比，胶体灭火剂具有优异的抗燃和灭火效果。     

闪光烟火剂感度变化因素的实验研究

研究铝粉的粒度、形状和粘合剂的含量对闪光烟火药剂感度的影响。发现由铝粉和高氯酸钾配制的二元药剂对摩擦和冲击比较钝感，而对静电火花和火焰敏感；当加入粘合剂后，冲击感度和摩擦感度均明显提高。而静电火花感度和火焰感度均明显下降。粒度和形状对感度的影响是铝粉比表面积变化引起的；粘合剂对感度的影响是由于加入粘合剂后形成的微胶囊的脆性和硬度较大，且易藏有气泡，容易形成热点。     

Long Range Transport of Asian Dust from Dust Storms and its Impact on Japan

We simulated the long range transport of dust emitted from dust storms that occurred in China by using a global three-dimensional chemical transport model. A modified dust emission flux scheme and a nonlocal diffusion scheme for determining the atmospheric eddy diffusivity in the atmospheric boundary layer were implemented to improve the chemical transport model. We examined the dust transport by comparing the model results with TOMS satellite images. The model calculated monthly total deposition of dust masses were used for comparison with the measurements collected at sampling stations in Japan, and good agreement was found. The model generally reproduced the temporal and spatial variations of dust reasonably well.     

辐射化学在环境激素研究中的应用

环境激素对地球生态系统带来严重威胁.大量难降解环境激素(如多氯联苯、二噁英)危害全球脆弱的生态环境,其直接后果之一就是人类乳腺癌等恶性疾病发病率急剧上升.因此,当今世界各国均十分重视环境激素的环境生物学机理研究.辐射化学作为一门高新技术,在环境激素污染物处理、降解机理与生命科学研究等方面可发挥重要作用,例如:同步辐射可用于直接观测溶液口的雌激素受体ER真实结构,脉冲辐解、激光光解和电子自旋共振用于研究环境激素活性瞬态粒子动力学等等.