Ecophysiological Responses of Larix sibiricaLedeb. and Pinus sibiricaDu Tour Undergrowth to Climate Change

The effects of probable climate change—an increase in atmospheric CO₂(by two times), air temperature, precipitation—on CO₂exchange and temperature dependence of net photosynthesis in the larch and Siberian stone pine undergrowth formed in the light larch forests of West Siberia were studied in chambers with an artificial climate. The change of the aforementioned ecological factors caused an increase in the temperature optima of photosynthesis and the range of optimum temperatures (in the case of Siberian stone pine, to a slightly greater degree). Therefore, the ranges of both species may broaden, and the Siberian stone pine can expand to the north, displacing larch tree stands.     

Metal Contamination of the Natural Environment in Norway from Long Range Atmospheric Transport

Long range atmospheric transport is the most important sourceof contamination to the natural environment in Norway with manyheavy metals. Investigations based on aerosol studies, bulkdeposition measurements and moss analysis show that airborne transport from other parts of Europe is the major mode for supplyof vanadium, zinc, arsenic, selenium, molybdenum, cadmium, tin,antimony, tellurium, thallium, lead, and bismuth, whereas metalssuch as chromium, nickel, and copper are mainly derived from point sources within Norway and in northwestern Russia close tothe Norwegian border. Elements associated with long range transport show substantial enrichment in the humus horizon of natural soils in southern Norway, sometimes to levels suspected to cause effects on soil microbial processes. E.g. lead concentration values of 150–200 ppm are observed in the mostcontaminated areas in the south as compared to about 5 ppm inthe far north. Elements such as lead and cadmium also show enrichment in some terrestrial food chains. These elements alsoshow considerably elevated levels over background concentrationsin the water and sediment of small lakes in the southern part ofthe country. Retrospective studies based on ombrogenous peatcores indicate that long range transport has been a significantsource of heavy metal contamination in southern Norway for thelast couple of centuries. The deposition of most heavy metals inNorway has been considerably reduced over the last 20 yr, withthe exception of contributions in the north from Russian smelters.     

喜马拉雅山中段北坡对流层中上部大气降水化学的高程分布特征

1997年夏季在希夏邦马峰北坡达索普冰川区(28°33′N,85°44′E)海拔5800m～7000m区间对4次降雪过程进行了系统的采样工作,目的是认识全球偏远地区对流层中上部大气成分的高程分布特征.达索普冰川区夏季4次降水中,局地大陆性气团降水SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺之间存在显著的正相关性,而海洋性气团降水4种离子之间的相关性变化较大,说明在夏季低尘埃阶段大气中各种离子的主导来源处在短期的(如数天)变化中.这种离子主导来源的变化同时也影响了降水中离子的高程分布特征.总体上达索普冰川区夏季降水中NO₃^-、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺浓度随海拔的升高呈减小趋势,SO₄^2-浓度则为增大趋势.     

Spatial patterns of tungsten and cobalt in surface dust of Fallon,Nevada

Spatial patterns of tungsten and cobalt are described for surface dust of Fallon, Nevada, where a cluster of childhood leukemia has been ongoing since 1997. In earlier research, airborne tungsten and cobalt was shown to be elevated in total suspended particulates in Fallon. To fine-tune the spatial patterns of tungsten and cobalt deposition in Fallon, surface dust was collected in a grid pattern within as well as outside of Fallon to establish background concentrations of metals. In surface dust, tungsten and cobalt show sharp peaks (934 ppm and 98 ppm, respectively) within Fallon just north of highway 50 and west of highway 95. These two peaks overlap spatially, and given the grid pattern used for collecting surface dust, the source area of these two airborne metals can be pinpointed to the vicinity of hard-metal industry located north of highway 50 and west of highway 95. Fallon is distinctive in west central Nevada because of high airborne tungsten and cobalt particulates, and given its cluster of childhood leukemia, it stands to reason that additional biomedical research is in order to test directly the leukogenicity of combined airborne tungsten and cobalt particulates.     

郑州空气颗粒物中PAHs的碳同位素特征及来源

研究了郑州城区空气颗粒物中多环芳烃(PAHs)的稳定碳同位素组成特征并对其来源进行了解析.气相色谱/燃烧系统/同位素质谱(GC/C/IRMS)分析表明,PAHs 的δ¹³C 值在非采暖季为-29.4‰～-23.4‰,采暖季为-30.0‰～-24.2‰,随着分子量的增大,PAHs 中 13C 降低.统计表明不同采样点的样品中的 PAHs 的δ¹³C 区别不明显(0.1‰<σ<0.8‰).两个季节中,三环和四环多芳香烃化合物荧蒽、芘和苯并(a)蒽的δ¹³C没有明显的区别,其范围为-24.5‰～-23.4‰,但是,五环和六环芳烃的δ¹³C 值有明显差异.随着分子量的增大,采暖季环境空气颗粒物中 PAHs的碳同位素比值变小的程度比非采暖季的大.采暖季的苯并(a)芘、茚并(1,2,3-cd)芘、苯并(ghi)苝的δ13C 值分别为-26.6‰、-30.0‰和-28.1‰,而非采暖季为-24.5‰、-29.4‰和-26.3‰.利用二元复合同位素模型,估算了不同季节机动车尾气和煤的燃烧对郑州城区苯并(a)芘的贡献.在非采暖季机动车尾气排放的贡献率为 70%,在采暖季贡献率为 50%,煤的燃烧对六环化合物的贡献高于机动车排放的贡献.     

南京市大气气溶胶中二元羧酸昼夜变化研究

2002年3月14-19日在南京大学校园内进行了为期1周的采样,用以研究大气气溶胶PM_2.5中的低分子量(C₂～C₁₀)二元羧酸的昼夜变化规律.结果表明,南京市大气气溶胶中二元羧酸的夜间质量浓度(平均为460ng/m3)普遍高于相应的白天质量浓度(平均为350 ng/m3).草酸是含量最高的二元羧酸,其次是丁二酸与丙二酸,这3种二元羧酸占所检测到的水溶性有机酸总量的89%.由C3/C4(ρ(丙二酸)/ρ(丁二酸))(平均为1.00)可以判断采样期间气溶胶中有机酸主要来源于大气的光化学氧化反应,从C6/C9(ρ(己二酸)/ρ(壬二酸))(平均为0.88)可以认为生物源是有机酸的一个重要来源.      

Ca~(2+)对煤中含氮活性基团阻化效应研究

为揭示CaCl2抑制煤炭自燃发生的机理,提高阻化效果,采用Gaussian03软件包,对Ca2+与煤中含N活性基团形成的配位体的结构及分子前沿轨道、稳定化能、自然键轨道和净电荷布居、电荷转移进行系统研究。结果表明,Ca2+能够与煤中含N活性基团形成二配体、三配体及四配体配合物,形成四配体的稳定化能与前沿轨道能级能隙差较大,说明四配体配合物最为稳定,而且形成配合物后,煤含N活性结构中的-NH2基团对前沿轨道的贡献大大减少,同时轨道能级大幅增加,增加了煤活性结构的稳定性,提高了煤活性结构的抗氧化性。     

确定大气环境承载力的烟云足迹法

本文讨论了大气承载力的定义,同时也给出了计算大气承载力的烟云足迹法的原理和计算公式,此外还给出了根据区域气象条件计算烟云足迹函数的具体算式和大气环境承载力的计算实例,烟云足迹分析法可为区域间的排污权交易提供技术基础.     

三种铜缓蚀剂抗H2S腐蚀性能研究

研究了BTA,MBI,MBT等3种铜缓蚀剂在H2S环境中的缓蚀性能,采用量子化学研究方法对实验结果进行了分析,研究了苯三唑在铜表面所形成的配合物保护膜的稳定性。结果表明,MBT抗H2S腐蚀性能较差,BTA是铜及其合金在H2S环境中理想的接触缓蚀剂和气相缓蚀剂。     

松花江上游夹皮沟金矿土壤与大气汞污染特征

在松花江上游夹皮沟金矿开采区内,混汞法提金工艺已使用180余年,导致严重的环境介质汞污染问题.为研究土壤和大气汞污染特征,使用塞曼效应汞分析仪(Zeeman RA915+)测定了大气汞含量,使用冷原子吸收分光光度法(GB/T17136-1997)测定了土壤汞含量,使用动态通量箱法测定了老金厂、二道沟、二道岔和夹皮沟镇小区四处土/气间汞交换通量;对土壤汞含量和大气汞含量进行了线性回归分析;并对土/气间汞交换通量与气象因子进行了相关性分析.结果表明:①区域大气汞含量均值为(71.08±38.22)ng.m-3.②区域土壤汞含量均值为(0.913 1±0.040 8)mg.kg-1;土壤汞含量与大气汞含量显著正相关.③各采样点土/气间汞交换通量为:老金厂(129.13±496.07)ng.(m2.h)-1,二道沟(98.64±43.96)ng.(m2.h)-1,二道岔(23.17±171.23)ng.(m2.h)-1,夹皮沟镇小区(7.12±46.33)ng.(m2.h)-1.④太阳辐射是老金厂、二道岔和夹皮沟镇小区土/气间汞交换通量主要影响因子,太阳辐射、大气温度和土壤温度共同控制二道沟土/气汞交换通量过程;地形条件的干扰,形成三类迥异的土/气间汞交换通量日变化特征形态.