基于KZ滤波法的江淮地区PM2.5浓度变化影响分析

基于2018—2020年合肥、芜湖和马鞍山3个城市国控站点的PM_2.5逐日监测数据和同期地面气象观测资料,利用Kolmogorov-Zurbenko(KZ)滤波对PM_2.5日浓度的原始时间序列进行分解,获取短期分量、季节分量和长期分量,并进行多元线性逐步回归构建各分量与气象因子的模型,最后依据短期分量和基线分量的回归模型和残差分析,对序列进行重建,获取消除气象条件影响的PM_2.5长期分量。KZ滤波分析结果表明：2018—2020年气象条件对江淮区域PM_2.5污染改善影响存在波动,在2018—2019年为负贡献,而在2020年秋冬季则变为正贡献;江淮地区3个城市2018年和2020年PM_2.5修正后的长期分量均值表明气象条件对各市PM_2.5改善影响存在差异较大,气象条件对合肥PM_2.5改善的贡献仅为1.0%,芜湖为7.8%,马鞍山为21.0%;NAQPMS数值模式情景分析结果显示,减排措施对江淮之间PM_2.5浓度改...     

中原经济区能源消费视角下的大气环境压力评估

研究以能源消费模式为切入点,分析中原经济区能源消费总量、消费结构和利用效率的现状水平,并分析能源消费引起的大气环境压力状况。基于经济发展速度调控及节能减排力度的不同,设置2020年三种能源消费情景,使用区域能源消费总量优化模型模拟预测不同情景下的能源消费总量,并分析不同情景下的大气环境压力。结果表明,快速发展和适度发展Ⅰ情景下,2020年区域能源消费总量将比2012年增加4.2×10~8tce和2.4×10~8tce,煤炭消费总量将增加3.1×10~8tce和1.2×10~8tce,大气污染物排放压力增加30%和50%;适度发展Ⅱ情景下,能源消费总量将增加0.2×10~8tce,煤炭消费总量将下降0.3×10~8tce,大气污染物排放压力将降低20%。因此,要实现经济发展稳步增长(年均增长率7.7%)和大气污染物排放总量削减10%目标,重中之重是实现煤炭消费总量"零增长"或"负增长",同时力争能源消费总量控制在5×10~8~6×10~8tce,凭借煤炭占比大幅下降(降至65%左右)最大限度发挥能源供给领域节能效应,依靠产业结构升级节能效应和技术节能拓展能源消费领域节能空间,将能效水平提高至0.6tce/万元以下。     

邵阳市城区大气降尘中的Pb、Cd的污染及环境风险评价

为研究邵阳市城区大气降尘中Pb、Cd的污染程度及环境风险,于2011—2014年在不同功能区采集大气降尘样品,对Pb、Cd的污染程度及环境风险进行评价。结果表明,邵阳市城区大气降尘中Pb、Cd平均值分别为167.29、2.09mg/kg;各功能区大气降尘中Pb的年平均值污染程度级别在2~3级,城区的年平均值污染程度为中度污染,Cd在各个功能区及城区的年平均值污染程度级别均为4级,属于强污染;各功能区Pb、Cd的潜在生态风险指数波动较小,Pb均为轻微生态危害,Cd均为极强生态危害;城区大气降尘中Pb、Cd的总非致癌风险为儿童6.90×10-1、成年女性9.59×10-2、成年男性8.26×10-2;Cd的呼吸系统吸入途径平均致癌风险为成年女性5.42×10-9、成年男性为5.15×10-9,远低于10-6~10-4,不具有致癌风险。     

1996~2013年长江经济带工业发展过程中的大气环境污染效应

大气污染物排放及影响因素研究,是引导区域减排实现可持续发展的重要依据。利用Tapio脱钩模型测度了1996~2013年长江经济带11个省区工业经济增长与工业废气、工业二氧化硫、工业烟粉尘3个指标之间的脱钩程度,并利用LMDI分解模型对大气污染物排放变化特征进行了影响因素分解。结果表明：（1）长江经济带11个省（市）的工业废气排放量呈持续上升的趋势,且工业废气排放量的“热”点区域主要集中在东部地区,工业二氧化硫和烟粉尘两种大气污染物排放量总体呈现“先增加后减少”的趋势,状况有所改善。（2）长江经济带工业废气排放整体经历了从扩张性负脱钩到相对脱钩发展的趋势,表明经济发展的同时带来工业废气排放的污染同步增长。经济发展效应和能源效率效应是促使工业废气排放的主要因素。（3）长江经济带的工业二氧化硫和烟粉尘排放整体上经历了从相对脱钩向绝对脱钩发展的趋势,经济发展均是造成各地区两种污染物排放量增加的主要原因,技术效应和能源效率是各地区两种污染物减排的重要影响因素。未来,在大气污染物的减排控制过程中,需加强产业结构、能源结构的调整,也需坚定依靠技术进步推动能源使用效率的提高,并且注重各省市间的减排差异和防范污染产业的区域转移。关键词： 长江经济带;经济增长;大气环境;脱钩分析模型;LMDI分解模型     

Chromium speciation in the blood of metal-on-metal hip implant patients

The objective of this study was to determine the valence state of chromium (Cr) in the blood of individuals with Cr-containing metal hip implants. Serum and red blood cell (RBC) Cr concentrations from 52 patients with Cr-containing total hip arthroplasties were measured preoperatively and at 3, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. Geometric mean and median pre-surgery serum Cr concentrations were consistently below 0.2 µg/L, while geometric mean and median pre-op RBC Cr concentrations were typically about four- to six-fold higher than the serum values. A significant 5- to 13-fold increase was found in the mean and median serum Cr concentrations three months post-surgery, with an 8- to 18-fold rise at 12 and 24 months, respectively. Steady-state serum concentrations were reached between 3 and 12 months. In contrast, there were no marked differences in mean and median RBC Cr concentrations pre- and post-surgery. Slope regression analysis for our data was similar to those reported for Cr(III) in spiked blood samples. The analysis showed that Cr released from hip implants preferentially distributed into serum and not RBC, indicating that the form of Cr present in blood of hip implant patients was in the form of non-toxic Cr(III). Our findings indicate that blood Cr concentrations Cr(III) associated with metal implants do not pose an adverse health risk to patients, which is in agreement with findings published by most investigators.     

Is tree growth reduction related to direct foliar injuries or soil chemistry modifications?

In the context of intense emissions causing atmospheric pollution, tree growth reductions could be related to soil chemistry modifications or direct foliar injuries. To verify these hypotheses, mineral soils were sampled in an area (Murdochville, Canada) where previous studies had demonstrated that tree growth was impacted by smelter emissions and that forest floor lead concentrations could be used as a proxy for atmospheric pollutant depositions. Samples were analysed for Al, Pb (concentrations and isotope ratios), basic cations (Ca, K, P, and Mg) and Zr. Mass balance calculations were performed on soil profiles to assess vertical migration of elements. Pb concentrations in litter diminished gradually with distance from the smelter. The Pb isotope ratios in these organic soil layers were close to those measured in the Murdochville ores. These patterns were not encountered in mineral soil layers. Pb isotope ratios in these layers were close to those measured in uncontaminated geological materials, and Pb concentrations and basic cation depletions were not related to the proximity of the smelter. Growth reduction was closely associated with litter Pb concentrations, which were used as a proxy for atmospheric deposition, but was not correlated with any elemental concentration or cation depletion measured in mineral soil layers. Our overall results suggest that trees responded mainly to direct atmospheric emissions, which caused foliar damage, rather than to soil chemistry modifications.     

Mutagenicity of atmospheric air and snow cover in the city of Syktyvkar estimated by the somatic mutation test inTradescantia (Clone 02) stamen hairs

Genotoxicity of atmospheric air was studied in Syktyvkar for three years (1995–1997) using the test of somatic mutations inTradescantia (clone 02) stamen hairs. The data obtained indicate local air pollution in the city. The tested samples of snowmelt, where Ni⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions were the main pollutants, had a high teratogenic effect on stamen hairs. The somatic mutation rate similar to that in the control group was obtained in the experiment with only one sample, in which the total content of metal ions was the lowest.     

Characterization and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in sediments of Haihe River, Tianjin, China

In this study sediment samples were collected from 13 sites of Haihe River in Tianjin City, China, sixteen of priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） listed in USEPA were analyzed by means of GC-MS. The total concentrations of PAH ranged from 774.81 to 255371.91 ng/g dw, and two to four rings of PAHs were dominant in sediment samples. Molecular ratios, such as phenanthrene/anthracene, fluoranthene/pyrene and low-molecular-weight PAH/high-molecular-weight PAH, were used to study the possible sources of pollution. It indicated a mixed pattern of parolytic and petrogenic inputs of PAHs in sediments in Haihe River. The petrogenic PAHs may be mainly derived from the leakage of refined products, e.g., gasoline, diesel fuel and fuel oil vehicle traffics or gas stations from urban area. The pyrolytic PAHs might be from the discharge of industrial wastewater and the emission of atmospheric particles from petrochemical factories. In addition, the levels of PAHs in the urban and industrial areas are far beyond the values reported from other rivers and marine systems reported. This situation may be due to polluted discharging from some petrochemical industrial manufactories and worse traffic conditions in Tianjin.     

胶态水合二氧化锰絮凝粒子的结构形貌及其混凝机理

采用透射电镜技术观察了胶态水合二氧化锰絮凝粒子的结构形貌并采用Zeta电位测定仪对粒子的荷电特征进行了研究;利用红外光谱、XRD等技术对粒子的界面性质进行了表征;通过混凝试验考察了KMnO₄ 还原法制备的水合二氧化锰胶体对原水的混凝性能并探讨了混凝机理.结果表明,胶态水合二氧化锰粒子在去离子水和原水中荷负电,在去离子水中,粒子直径为10　nm并形成网状结构,有利于发挥吸附架桥作用;粒子具有丰富的表面羟基,比表面积为151.422　m²/g,为δ-MnO₂,表现出优良的吸附污染物的界面特性;较低投量的胶态水合二氧化锰表现出对原水的优良混凝效能和去除有机微污染的效能.     

铜在干湿交替条件下的大气腐蚀

以(NH4)2SO4(0.01 mol/L) NaHSO3(0.01 mol/L) NaCl(0.01 mol/L)为腐蚀介质,采用干湿交替复合循环试验,利用XPS、SEM表面分析技术,研究了HSO3-、Cl-和NH4 对铜的腐蚀影响,探讨了铜在该试验条件下的腐蚀机制.结果表明,铜在该条件下的质量损失随试验时间呈线性增加,其腐蚀率基本恒定,腐蚀产物不具有保护性;腐蚀产物主要为Cu2O、CuO及碱式硫酸铜.XPS分析技术用于腐蚀表面的化学成分测定是很有效的.