2006~2020年中国大气本底站BC气溶胶的时空分布特征

黑碳（BC）气溶胶来源复杂且具有特殊环境和气象影响效应.我国不同大气环境下的BC时空分布特征亟待全面认识.使用2006~2020年中国7个大气本底站长期BC观测数据,结合气象数据、排放源、增强植被指数（EVI）和气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）数据,综合分析了BC的时空分布特征、长期演化趋势及其影响因素.结果表明,中国不同地区的BC浓度和AOD差异较大,BC对AOD多为正贡献.受排放源和气象条件等因素的影响,BC浓度和AOD空间分布为东高西低,"胡焕庸线"以东的龙凤山、上甸子、临安和金沙的浓度较高,ρ（BC）和AOD平均值分别为（1699±2213）~（3392±2131） ng·m^-3和0.36±0.32~0.72±0.37;"胡焕庸线"以西的阿克达拉、瓦里关和香格里拉的浓度较低,ρ（BC）和AOD平均值分别为（287±226）~（398±308） ng·m^-3和0.20±0.13~0.22±0.19.不同大气本底站BC的年际变化可分为4类：年际变化较小型,主要为阿克达拉站;先增后减然后稳定型,主要为瓦里关站;先降低后稳定类,主要为香格里拉站;先稳定后降低型,主要为龙凤山、上甸子、金沙和临安.不同大气本底站BC的季节变化具有差异."胡焕庸线"以西地区秋季BC浓度最低,冬季和春季BC浓度较高;"胡焕庸线"以东地区冬季BC浓度最高,夏季BC浓度最低.BC对AOD的影响在"胡焕庸线"东西部站点的春季和夏季均较大,在"胡焕庸线"以西站点的秋季较小,在"胡焕庸线"以东站点的冬季较小.大气本底站BC的日变化多为双峰型分布,但是峰值时间存在显著地区和季节差异.     

减排措施与气象因子对2013—2019年中国大陆地区PM2.5浓度变化的贡献

利用地面气象观测站数据计算的大气自净能力指数(Atmospheric Self-cleaning ability Index,简称ASI)和环境监测站PM_2.5实测数据,评估了中国大陆地区2014—2019年相对于2013年("大气国十条"实施初期)污染物总体排放率的相对变化,给出了PM_2.5浓度削减量中气象条件和减排措施的相对贡献.研究结果显示,2014年全国排放率总体已下降,2017年各地区全面实现减排,较2013年全国平均减排36.11%,2019年减排幅度进一步加大,至48.50%,其中中东部地区整体减排力度大于西部和东北部地区.2015和2016年秋冬,重点区域持续性重污染频发现象的出现是不利气象条件背景与减排略有放松共同作用的结果,但持续的减排措施对于遏制空气质量的恶化起到了积极作用.2019年,京津冀、汾渭平原、长三角等9个重点区域PM_2.5浓度相较2013年明显降低,高空气质量至少一半以上的原因来源于人为减排,气象因子的贡献相对较小,仅为3%～18%,一些区域气象因子对PM_2.5的改...     

大气环境中二硫化碳分析方法的选择研究

应用气相色谱（ＧＣ）Ｎｉ６３电子捕获检测器（ＥＣＤ）,在６２０１红色担体为基体,涂１０％ＯＶ－１０１固定液的玻璃柱上,以甲苯作吸收液,对大气环境中微量二硫化碳能够进行定量检测,其最低检出浓度可达６×１０－６ｍｇ／ｍｌ（进液体样品１μｌ）;方法精密度为３．４％,ＳＯ２、Ｈ２Ｓ气体物质不干扰测定。经现场实际环境样品测试,此方法能够适用于大气环境中微量ＣＳ２的分析工作,为大气环境监测微量ＣＳ２的分析建立了一个比较合适的方法。     

Depressed resilience of bluefin tuna in the western atlantic and age truncation

Following intense overfishing in the 1970s, the western stock of Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) experienced a long period of depressed abundance, which has been attributed to failure of the population to periodically produce large numbers of juveniles, the western stock mixing with the more highly exploited eastern stock (fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea), and regime shift in the population's ecosystem resulting in lower replacement rates. To evaluate the presence of relatively strong years of juvenile production, we analyzed age structure from a recent sample of otoliths (ear stones) collected from the western stock (2011–2013, North Carolina, U.S.A., winter fishery). Mixing levels for the recent sample were analyzed using otolith stable isotopes to test whether age structure might be biased through immigration of eastern stock bluefin tuna. Age structure from historical samples collected from United States and Canadian fisheries (1975–1981) was compared with more recent samples (1996–2007) to examine whether demographic changes had occurred to the western stock that might have disrupted juvenile production. Relatively high juvenile production occurred in 2003, 2005, and 2006. Otolith stable isotope analysis showed that these recruitments were mostly of western stock origin. However, these high recruitments were >2‐fold less than historical recruitment. We found substantial age truncation in the sampled fisheries. Half the historical sample was >20 years old (mean age = 20.1 [SD 3.7]; skewness = ?0.3), whereas <5% of the recent sample was >20 years old (mean age = 13.4 [SD 3.8]; skewness = 1.3). Loss of age structure is consistent with changes in fishing selectivity and trends in the stock assessment used for management. We propose that fishing, as a forcing variable, brought about a threshold shift in the western stock toward lower biomass and production, a shift that emulates the regime shift hypothesis. An abbreviated reproductive life span compromised resilience by reducing the period over which adults spawn and thereby curtailing the stock's ability to sample year‐to‐year variability in conditions that favor offspring survival (i.e., storage effect). Because recruitment dynamics by the western stock exhibit threshold dynamics, returning it to a higher production state will entail greater reductions in exploitation rates.     

Effects of Nitrate Nitrogen Additions on Physical, Chemical and Biological Parameters in Lake Enclosures

The effects of nitrate additions on the physics, chemistry and biology of lake water were studied in 5 × 10 m polyethylene enclosures installed in Lake Kastoria, a shallow eutrophic lake in Northern Greece. The water physics, chemistry, chlorophyll a and nitrogenase activity were monitored from July 10 till October 17 1985 at 2 week intervals. The experiment included a control enclosure.

Water confinement in the control enclosure resulted in ammonia accumulation, a slight decrease in chlorophyll a, a significant reduction of nitrogenase activity and an increase in phosphorus release from the sediments at the end of the experimental period.

The addition of KNO₃ resulted in higher than the control accumulation of NH₃, chlorophyll reduction, increase in water transparency and reduction of nitrogenase activity. Large losses of nitrogen added were measured which were attributed to denitrification, organic matter sedimentation and ammonia volatilization. Anaerobic but not aerobic phosphorus release from sediments was inhibited at the end of the period. The reduction of nitrogenase activity and of chlorophyll a concentration are attributed to changes in phytoplankton composition from blue-greens to small-sized species grazed by zooplankters.     

降水中离子浓度与pH值的确定性相关关系研究

关于降水中离子浓度与pH值关系问题的研究多是基于降水化学数据的统计分析。从酸碱平衡理论出发 ,在电中性方程的基础上 ,建立了降水中离子浓度与pH值的确定性相关关系式。结果表明 ,该式具有普适性 ,是反映多种离子综合作用的重要参数。用公式对 50组降水化学数据做了计算分析 ,结果表明 ,降水离子浓度与 pH值的关系研究应考虑足够多的离子种类 ,降水化学数据也应满足 :( 1 )离子平衡值等于或接近 1 .0 ;( 2 )ΔC的正负号与 pH值范围的关系协调一致。可作为降水化学数据是否准确、合理的判据     

Comparison of some atmospheric chemical modeling schemes

ＣｏｍｐａｒｉｓｏｎｏｆｓｏｍｅａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｏｄｅｌｉｎｇｓｃｈｅｍｅｓＳｈｅｎＪｉ，ＺｈａｏＱｉａｎｘｕｅＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｆｏｒＥｃｏＥｎｖｉｒｏｍｅｎｔａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ，ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙ...     

烟囱高度合理性论证技术方法研究

通过研究有关烟囱高度合理性的国家标准、规定和方法,指出影响污染物落地浓度的主要影响因子,结合一些烟囱高度合理性设计的实例,总结出了一套论证烟囱高度合理性的方案,并从气象和环境空气影响角度对不同高度烟囱合理性进行了检验.分析结果表明,烟囱高度要以适合当地气象和环境空气质量实际情况为原则,最大限度地减轻污染物落地浓度对当地造成的不利影响.这对减轻污染和减少厂家经费投入以及对于指导大气环境影响评价工作具有重要的现实意义.     

我国PM2.5的污染状况和污染特征

对中国大气中PM2.5的污染状况和污染特征进行了综述和分析,其中包括我国PM2.5质量浓度的时间、空间污染特征、来源解析以及与PM10的关系.     

近代分析化学进展

随着科技的进步，分析化学正经历着重大的变革。作者从我国分析化学的现状及分析化学的几个重要分支和交叉学科；生命科学分析，化学计量学，光度分析，色谱分析，电化学分析等方面阐述了近代分析化学的进展。