超声波萃取—GC／MS测定大气颗粒物中的多环芳烃

采用超声波萃取大气颗粒物样品中的多环芳烃，样品不须纯化，直接可用于GC／MS分析，超声波萃取效率高，萃取时间短；采用MS的SIM方式对多环芳烃进行定性定量，回收率84.5%-108.5%，变异系数3.1%-14.5%。     

Monitoring the transport of biomass burning emissions in South America

The atmospheric transport of biomass burning emissions in the South American and African continents is being monitored annually using a numerical simulation of air mass motions; we use a tracer transport capability developed within RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System) coupled to an emission model. Mass conservation equations are solved for carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate material (PM2.5). Source emissions of trace gases and particles associated with biomass burning activities in tropical forest, savanna and pasture have been parameterized and introduced into the model. The sources are distributed spatially and temporally and assimilated daily using the biomass burning locations detected by remote sensing. Advection effects (at grid scale) and turbulent transport (at sub-grid scale) are provided by the RAMS parameterizations. A sub-grid transport parameterization associated with moist deep and shallow convection, not explicitly resolved by the model due to its low spatial resolution, has also been introduced. Sinks associated with the process of wet and dry removal of aerosol particles and chemical transformation of gases are parameterized and introduced in the mass conservation equation. An operational system has been implemented which produces daily 48-h numerical simulations (including 24-h forecasts) of CO and PM2.5, in addition to traditional meteorological fields. The good prediction skills of the model are demonstrated by comparisons with time series of PM2.5 measured at the surface.     

近海海洋大气颗粒物中元素浓度及粒径分布研究

本工作用质子激发Ｘ荧光分析光测定近中国海域上空不同粒径大气颗粒物中１４个元素的浓度、粒径分布及富集因子。研究发现，在开阔海域大气污染元素和地壳元素主要来自亚洲大陆长距离输送的贡献，海水元素浓度受海盐气溶胶的控制，估算近中国海域大气中的尘土量为０．４－２．３μｇ／ｍ＾３，尘土粒子的输入量控制着海洋大气颗粒物中地壳元素浓度。     

植物地上部分对大气CO2浓度升高的响应

大气CO2浓度升高对植物的影响，主要是促进了植物生长早期的光合作用，同时也增加了对其他资源的需求；植物的光合作用也存在对高CO2浓度的适应，不会一直维持较高的光合水平，而且植物的呼吸作用也可能会增加；大气CO2浓度升高和其他环境条件，如水分，温度和光照等对植物生长和产量存在相互作用，可以部分弥补条件的不足，也影响作物和杂草的竞争关系；自然植物群落由于有很高的多样性和复杂性，对其研究应该在生物群落水平上进行，用外推法回到植物水平，而不是相反，而且自然物种间的竞争是激烈的，CO2浓度升高或其他因素带来的任何改善，都会明显地改变竞争平衡。     

Wet deposition chemistry studies at Suva, Fiji, a remote tropical island site in the south Pacific

A field project encompassing wet-only rainwater sampling was initiated as a bilateral Fiji/Australia activity. Normally, biweekly samples were collected, using a wet-only rainwater sampler, and analysed for H⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄ ⁺, Cl^–, NO₃ ^–, SO₄ ^2–, PO₄ ^3-, methane sulphonic acid, oxalic acid, formic acid and acetic acid. The pH of the rainwater ranged between 5.730 and 4.480 with an average value of 5.176, slightly lower than the pH of unpolluted rainwater saturated with atmospheric CO₂(pH = 5.650). Na⁺and Cl^–were the major ions with average concentrations of 98.15 M and 109.57 M respectively. There is an excellent correlation between the cation sum (average 147.71 eq L^-1) and the anion sum (average 142.12 eq L^-1) attesting to the quality of the data generated. This paper presents the detailed results of the study for a relatively clean remote island site in Suva, Fiji, latitude 18° 09 S, longitude 178° 27 E, height 6 m, and outlines prospects for further work.     

电源频率对大气压氦气射流等离子体放电特性的影响

为探究大气压射流等离子体放电特性,利用同轴双环电极结构等离子体射流装置,研究电源频率、外加电压对氦气射流放电电流、起始电压、消耗功率、放电平均功率、射流长度等参数的影响规律。结果表明:放电图像在f=7.88,8.40,8.90 kHz电源频率下,随着电压增加,等离子体射流长度先增长后稳定;电压-电流关系符合辉光放电特征;同一电源频率下,随外加电压升高,放电电流脉冲个数增多、幅值增大、脉冲曲线产生畸变,装置消耗功率和放电功率所受影响不大。     

属性识别理论模型在福州市大气环境质量评价中的应用

阐述了评价大气环境质量的属性识别法,介绍了属性识别理论模型和属性权重的确定方法,并根据GB3095-1996《大气环境质量标准》,采用属性识别理论模型对福州市2001年至2006年的大气环境质量进行了综合评价。结果表明：福州市的大气环境质量2001年是Ⅱ级,2002至2006福州的大气环境质量均为Ⅰ级。属性识别理论概念清晰,计算简单,评价结果比较客观。使属性识别理论模型在大气环境质量综合评价方面取得了较好的运用。     

Some characteristics of plutonium distribution in the atmospheric air and plants in the zone surrounding the Mayak Production Association

The results of long-term studies on plutonium distribution in the atmospheric air and plants in the area surrounding the Mayak Production Association in the years 1976–1995 are summarized. Data are presented on the changes in plutonium concentration in the air overtime at some points located in the survey zone and the impact zone of the industrial enterprise as compared to those in the control region. In addition, data on the changes in air plutonium concentration depending on the season and direction of wind are presented; the ratios between plutonium concentrations in the air and the fallout are analyzed.Translated from Ekologiya, No. 1, 2005, pp. 20–25.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Chudin, Shcherbakova, Maslovskii, Kocheva, Iovlev, Denisenko, Demin, Mamin, Chebotina.     

大气扩散计算流体力学模型综合评估方法研究

模型评估方法研究是模型研发工作的重要组成部分。基于科学性验证与统计性确认提出了大气扩散CFD模型的综合确认评估方法,通过示例的方式展示了方法的使用效果。综合确认评估方法可以提高模型筛选的速度,降低统计性评估对确认性试验数据的需求量,从总体上提高模型确认的效率。评估理论的研究有助于提高基于模型的大气扩散研究的准确性,也有利于高精度模型和试验的设计、开发与遴选。     

常压等离子体射流去除水中糖皮质激素污染物

搭建射流介质阻挡放电反应器,对常压等离子体射流技术降解水中代表性糖皮质激素氢化可的松（HC）进行了研究.考察了放电功率、空气流量、溶液初始pH值、放电时间等因素对HC降解效果的影响.结果表明,HC的去除率随放电功率增大和放电时间延长而增加;溶液初始pH值、通入空气流量等因素对HC处理效果也有很大影响.在初始浓度为0.138mmol/L,放电功率为49.7W,气流量为4L/min的实验条件下,在本反应器中放电处理120min后HC的去除率可达98%.本文使用了不同自由基抑制剂研究了活性氧自由基（ROS）在HC降解过程中的作用,并通过发射光谱（OES）观测了放电过程中产生的自由基种类.研究结果对常压等离子技术去除有机污染物的发展有一定的参考价值.