RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LAND USES AND RAINWATER QUALITY IN A SOUTHCENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: Spatial and temporal variability in rainfall concentrations of nutrients, major ions, and herbicides was monitored at 7 locations in or near the Conodoguinet Creek watershed in south-central Pennsylvania from 1991.1993. Results were used to (1) compare precipitation quality in forested, agricultural and urban areas, and (2) assess the practicality of using volunteer citizen monitoring in such a study. As indicated in previous studies, sulfate and nitrogen concentrations in precipitation were linked to sample pH. Concentrations of major ions in precipitation appeared to relate more to regional influences rather than local influences. However, concentrations of herbicides in precipitation may have been influenced by both regional and local use which caused compounds like atrazine, deethylatrazine, propazine, simazine, metolachior, alachlor, ametryn, and prometon to be present in detectable concentrations in rainfall. Seasonality was evident in nitrogen, sulfate, pH, and herbicide data and was suggested in calcium, iron, manganese, magnesium, orthophosphate, and chloride data. Agricultural weed control activities were probably responsible for the seasonal pattern in pesticide data which peaked in May and June. Tropical storm Danielle may have caused the apparent seasonal patterns for the other nine parameters. This storm did not follow the typical west to east movement pattern and consequently produced rainfall of relative high quality. A variety of quality assurance checks indicated that trained volunteer citizen monitors were successful participants in this intensive and extensive scientific study, collecting good quality samples in a timely manner. Without this kind of volunteer help, it is extremely difficult to complete studies that require sampling in response to natural events such as rainfall.     

COMPARING SAMPLING SCHEMES FOR MONITORING POLLUTANT EXPORT FROM A DAIRY PASTURE1

ABSTRACT: Dairy cow pastures and feeding areas around barns can be a significant source of nonpoint source pollutants to nearby streams. To help document the significance of these sources, nutrient export in streamfiow from a 56.7-ha, mostly agricultural, watershed located in southwestern North Carolina was monitored from August 1994 to January 1996. Total nitrogen and phosphorus export rates from the upper, predominantly pasture, part of the watershed were 18.0 and 1.4 kg/ha/yr, respectively, as measured by weekly grab sampling and 18.7 and 4.9 kg/halyr, respectively, as measured from storm event monitoring. Nitrogen and phosphorus export rates for the area between the monitoring sites, which included overgrazed cow holding and feeding areas and farm buildings, were 376 and 86 kgfhalyr, respectively, for grab sampling and 351 and 160 kg/ha/yr, respectively, for storm event monitoring. To estimate the amount of reduction from nonpoint source controls necessary to effect a significant reduction in pollutant loading, statistical analyses of the load data were conducted. The analyses for the five pollutants monitored showed that total suspended solids would require the greatest reduction (34.6 percent for weekly grab and 33.6 percent for storm) in loading after the implementation of controls for statistical significance. Nitrate plus nitrite was found to require the least reduction (12.6 percent for weekly grab). Pollutant export rates computed from weekly grab samples and storm event samples used separately were compared to corresponding export rates computed from combining grab and storm event samples to assess the differences in monitoring schemes.     

环境质量综合分析工作探讨

介绍了环境质量综合分析的概念及目的，并分析了其在监测工作中的地位和在环境管理中的作用，提出了如何提高环境质量综合分析水平的对策建议。     

昆明市烟尘控制区建设过程中存在的问题分析

针对昆明市世博、新迎片烟尘控制区环境监测中存在的问题,提出了解决方法加强环保宣传,提高环境意识;加强人员素质培养,提高管理水平;加强除尘脱硫技术的研究和推广,从源头抓起,减少污染等,这样,才能管理好烟尘控制区,真正达到烟尘控制的目的.     

复杂环境下洞室开挖的爆破震动监测与控制

钻爆开挖法洞室的施工点临近新完成结构体．爆破地震波必须严格控制在安全范围之内。根据爆破试验中的监测结果和经验公式确定最大单响药量。结合二次减振和微差爆破技术的控制爆破方案．密集钻孔形成的孔排有效地削弱了穿越的地震波，单发单响的导爆管微差爆破方案在保证施工进度的同时．避免了地震波的叠加。根据施工中的爆破震动监测结果调整施工参数．提高了施工效率并确定爆破震动控制在安全范围内。工程的实践表明结合爆破实验、控制爆破震动的施工方案和震动监测能保证保护目标的安全。     

秸秆焚烧对玉溪市大气PM10的影响解析研究

以水溶性钾为示踪元素,解析秋收季节秸秆焚烧对玉溪市大气PM10的贡献.结果表明,2001年秋收季节(10月)水溶性钾浓度(7.68μg/m3)比夏季水溶性钾浓度(2.38μg/m3)高3.2倍,与7月至12月份PM10浓度变化呈显著相关,相关系数为0.810.很显然,秋收季节秸秆焚烧对玉溪市大气PM10有负面影响.     

试论江西省环境监理稽查

分析了环境监理稽查的分类和内容，结合江西省面临的环境保护问题，阐述了加强环境监理稽查工作的必要性和紧迫性。     

制糖工业废水CODcr和BOD_5相关性探讨

在制糖工业废水的监测中 ,CODcr和BOD5均与水体的有机物有密切联系 ,且它们之间还存在一定的比例关系。通过对多组数据的相关性分析 ,确定以甘蔗为原料的制糖废水 ,CODcr和BOD5之间存在一定的相关性 ,可以通过CODcr值估算BOD5的值     

环境监测优化布点的物元分析模型

为了探索物元分析法在环境监测优化布点中应用的可能性，在确定了最佳和最次理想点基础上，建立了标准事物和节域事物的物元矩阵，并根据监测点对标准物元的关联函数值分布对采样点进行优化。实例表明物元分析法用于环境监测优化布点是可行的     

随身自动空气净化处理器的研究

随身自动空气净化器,采用了活性炭、光催化技术相结合的空气过滤装置.空气污染传感器与单片机组成空气质量监测电路,当空气污染超标时,产生语音提示,液晶屏显示空气质量的等级,自动(或手动)控制引风机工作,供给个人清新无污染的空气.