湿地植被叶面积指数对光化学指数和光能利用率关系的影响————基于实测数据和PROSPECT-SAIL模型

光化学指数PRI(Photochemical Reflectance Index)是估算光能利用率LUE(Light Use Efficiency)的一种快速监测的有效指标,分析各种因素对二者的影响是提高估算精度的前提.论文针对三种杭州湾典型湿地植物 [旱柳(Salix matsudana),柽柳(Tamarix chinensis)和芦苇(Phragm itescommunis)],实地观测了其光合作用及日变化,叶面积指数以及同步植被光谱.同时采用PROSPECT-SAIL模型模拟叶面积指数LAI(Leaf Area Index)从小到大变化时植被冠层反射率,分析LAI的变化对冠层PRI的影响.结果表明:1)三种植被在日变化上,芦苇,旱柳和柽柳的PRI和LUE的相关性较好,R²分别为0.581 6,0.524 6和0.514 6;而对同一种植被在不考虑时间变化的条件下,PRI和LUE的相关性会有所减弱,对于LAI较小的冠层,PRI不能精确反映LUE;2)当LAI < 5时,冠层下土壤背景对冠层PRI影响较大,在不同土壤背景下,土壤亮度低的对冠层PRI影响较小;3)当LAI > 5时,土壤背景对冠层PRI影响较小,冠层自身的LAI才是影响PRI和LUE相关性的决定因素.因此,PRI和LUE关系模型还需要进一步探索和完善,引入更精确的模型和参数,不断提高LUE估算的准确度.     

中国东部南北样带654种植物叶片氮和磷的化学计量学特征研究

大尺度的叶片的氮(N)和磷(P)的化学计量学特征是植物对环境条件的长期适应的结果, 并能为大尺度模型的发展提供数据基础. 通过对文献数据的搜集整理, 对中国东部南北样带168个采样点的654种植物的N和P的化学计量学特征、空间格局及其与气候因子(年均温度)的关系进行了研究. 结果表明, 中国东部南北样带654种植物叶片的N和P的化学计量学特征存在很大的变异性. 叶片N的变化范围为2.17～52.61 mg·g^-1, 几何平均数为17.55 mg·g^-1, 叶片P的变化范围为0.10～10.27 mg·g^-1, 几何平均数为1.28 mg·g^-1, 叶片N/P的变化范围为1.7～74.6, 几何平均数为13.5. 中国东部南北样带乃至中国区域叶片P的含量显著低于全球尺度的其它研究结果, 这说明与全球尺度相比, 中国区域植被生长更易受到P的限制. 在所研究的不同功能群间, 以叶片N含量的差异最大, P次之, N/P的差异最小, 这与在多数的功能群内, 其叶片N和P含量间存在显著相关性有关. 另外在系统发育上亲缘越远的功能群N和P含量差异越大(蕨类植物与种子植物), 亲缘越近的差异越小(双子叶植物与单子叶植物). 叶片的N和P含量与纬度和年均温度间存在极显著的相关关系, 随着纬度升高和年均温度的降低, 叶片N和P含量极显著地增加(P<0.001). 可是N/P与纬度和年均温度的相关性较弱(P=0.386和P=0.342), 这可能是由于N和P含量随纬度和年均温度的变化趋势相同且变异性较大, 并且相对于全球尺度而言本研究的区域范围相对较小等多种因素共同导致的.     

Nutrient contribution of leaf litter in urban stormwater

This paper investigates the nutrient contribution from leaf litter in urban waterways, using data from a gross pollutant monitoring programme in a 50 ha catchment in an inner-city suburb of Melbourne, Australia. The data indicate that the potential nutrient contribution of stormwater leaf litter (greater than 5 mm) is about two orders of magnitude smaller than the typical nutrient loads in urban stormwater. The results suggest that removing leaf litter from urban waterways will do little to reduce the total stormwater nutrient load.1998 Academic Press     

外秦淮河生态护坡挺水植物适应性试验研究

针对外秦淮河的污染状况，采用挺水植物菖蒲和狭叶香蒲进行试验，对外秦淮河的污染水质进行净化；同时进行两种挺水植物在外秦淮河当前水质下的耐淹没性试验。通过试验研究得出，在深秋季节，虽然菖蒲和狭叶香蒲两种植物已经处于生长周期的最后阶段，但是对外秦淮河污染水质仍然有较好的净化效果，对TP、TN、氨氮等的去除率能达到80％以上，对CODMn的去除率偏低。而且通过净化和耐淹试验中两种植物的对比．菖蒲比狭叶香蒲更能适应外秦淮河的水质状况。     

Defensive behavior of ants in a mutualistic relationship with aphids

Mutualistic relationships between ants and aphids are well studied but it is unknown if aphid-attending ants place a greater relative importance on defending aphids from aphid-predators or from competing ant colonies. We tested the hypothesis that aphid-attending ants defend their aphids against aphid-predators more aggressively than against ants from neighboring colonies. We conducted introduction trials by placing an individual non-predatory insect, an aphid-predator, or a foreign conspecific ant on the leaf of a resident ant. We found that ants did not attack non-predatory insects, but did attack competing ants and aphid-predators. When we presented resident ants with both the threats (i.e., predator and competitor) at the same time, residents always attacked potential competitors as opposed to aphid-predators. We suggest this behavior may reduce the likelihood of raids by neighboring colonies. Ants appear to balance both the energetic costs of making an attack and the costs associated with losing aphids to a predator, against the benefits of signaling their defensive ability to rivals and/or preventing rivals from gaining knowledge of a potential food resource.     

宝鸡市绿植叶片重金属空间分布及污染特征

绿化植物作为城市灰尘重金属污染物的重要承载体,在反映污染指标和生物富集方面有巨大潜力,对改善城市人居环境质量和城市园林规划具有重要意义.为定量描述宝鸡市城区10种优势绿植叶片重金属污染程度、空间分布及对灰尘的富集特征,采集并测定了宝鸡市区0、1和3m高度上、156个叶片样品中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni、Co、Cd和As这8种元素的含量,并计算其生物富集系数（BCF）、污染负荷指数（PLI）与潜在生态风险指数（RI）.结果表明,宝鸡城区绿植叶片中富集最多的元素是Cr、As、Ni、Pb和Cd.沿阶草中Cr、Ni和As含量最高,女贞叶片中的Cd、塔松叶片中的Pb、Ni和As含量较高.BCF结果显示,三叶草、女贞和石楠对Cd有显著富集能力.在空间分布上,Cr、As、Ni、Pb、Cd和Zn元素含量均随高度增加而递减,其中Cr元素递减率达24%,千河工业园、任家湾火车站及市政府周围为含量峰值区,PLI在任家湾火车站、千河工业区出现中度污染,RI值在这两区域为中度生态风险等级,同时在高新大道沿线达到较强生态风险等级.在绿植叶片中,Cr和As的PLI值都>3,均达到重度污染水平.E_rⁱ的平均值大小顺序为：As > Cd > Cr > Ni > Pb > Co > Zn > Cu,Cd和As是最具生态危害的元素.8种重金属的综合潜在生态风险指数RI范围为10.58~2982.72,样点中有18.59%的RI值高于150,表明研究区总体上处于中等风险等级.本研究结果对工业城市重金属污染治理及绿植遴选具有一定的理论和实践参考价值.     

固沙植被黄柳、小叶锦鸡儿蒸腾耗水尺度提升研究

论文以科尔沁沙地主要固沙植被黄柳、小叶锦鸡儿为研究对象,基于生长季典型枝条茎流的逐日动态观测数据,以黄柳茎干截面积和小叶锦鸡儿叶面积实测数据为扩展纯量,实现了由枝条茎流向灌丛群落蒸腾耗水的尺度提升。结果表明：生长季黄柳和小叶锦鸡儿群落的蒸腾耗水量分别为287.26 mm和197.23 mm,黄柳的耐旱性相对较低。采用FAO Penman-Monteith公式计算出同时期两种植被群落的蒸散量分别为328.70 mm和233.15 mm。日蒸腾耗水量与日蒸散量变化趋势基本一致,两种植被的决定系数分别为0.717 3和0.678 7。论文所建立的尺度提升方法在荒漠化灌木植被蒸腾耗水估算方面行之有效,可为科学选育和管理固沙植被、确定合理造林密度等提供参考依据。     

Responses of nymphs of desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria to volatiles of plants used as rearing diet

Summary Gregarious nymphs of the desert locust,Schistocerca gregaria (Forsk.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) were more attracted to volatiles from mechanically damaged food plants used for rearing than to either the undamaged or damaged food plants not used as diet in Y-tube olfactometer assays. Comparative analysis of the volatile emissions from plants used for rearing and food plants not used for rearing,e.g. Sorghum bicolor, Pennisetum clandestinum, Schouwia thebaica, wheat (Triticum sp., var. Nyangumi),Zygophyllum simplex, Heliotropium undulatum andTribulus terrestris was carried out by GC, GC-EAD and GC-MS. Significant quantitative and qualitative differences were found in the volatile emissions and olfactory responses of nymphs in GC-EAD assays. Up to 33 compounds were identified in volatiles of the plants of which 9 evoked EAGs. EAG-active components included common green leaf compounds (E)-2-pentenal, (E)-2-hexenal, 4-methyl-3-pentenal, (E)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-2-hexenyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and (Z)-2-hexen-1-ol. (Z)-3-Hexenyl butyrate and (Z)-3-hexenyl isovalerate were detected in stimulatory amounts only in the volatiles ofS. thebaica. (E, Z)-2,6-Nonadienal was detected as a component in the volatiles ofT. terrestris and was highly stimulatory. In EAG assays with seven common green leaf volatiles, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate was most stimulatory while hexanal was the least. No significant differences were recorded between antennal responses of males and females to the tested compounds. These results are discussed with regard to current hypotheses on host plant recognition through detection of their airborne volatiles and the learning behaviour by nymphs ofS. gregaria.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture