凤眼莲不同部位对重金属的吸收、吸附作用研究

以绥宁河为例，通过研究凤眼莲各部位对重金属的吸收和吸附作用。探讨水生植物对改善城市内河水环境的重要性。实验数据表明。在凤眼莲对重金属的富集作用中，根部的贡献远大于茎叶部，根部对重金属的吸收量是茎叶部的几十至几百倍。此外，根部吸附作用对水环境中重金属的去除也起了相当重要的作用。     

城市植物叶片金属元素含量与大气污染的关系

采样分析了株洲清水塘工业区两上厂及圣贤区七种植物叶片中甲、钙、镁、锰、铁、铜、铅、锌和砷十种元素的含量，按照ＩＰ含污量指标，对测定区的大气质量做了分析评价，由原子吸收光谱仪测定植物叶片中锌、铅、镉和砷的含量，可以判定测定区的大气污染等级。     

水分胁迫对燥红土和变性土上生长的玉米叶片几种酶活性的影响

采用盆栽控制试验，研究了不同处理条件下，水分胁迫对金沙江干热河谷典型土壤(燥红土和变性土)生长的玉米(Zea mays L.)叶片中几种酶活性的影响．结果表明：(1)在一定的水分胁迫范围内，玉米叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ASP)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性均随着土壤含水量的降低而升高，但过度胁迫时，酶活性降低；(2)随着土壤含水量降低，玉米叶片中保护酶活性的变化规律略有差异，这与二者的土壤物理性质有关；(3)施肥处理和栽培方式对玉米叶片的酶活性有影响，增施有机肥和Zn肥可提高适度水分亏缺条件下玉米叶片中POD、CAT、ASP和PPO活性．图4参35     

三江平原湿地不同土地利用生境地表甲虫群落结构

2007年6月至9月,对三江平原湿地6种不同土地利用生境下地表甲虫群落结构的调查结果显示,所采集的1 646个地表甲虫标本隶属25科,其中步甲、隐翅虫和叩甲3科个体数量较多,分别占总数的52.9%、20.1%和10.8%,共同构成本研究区的优势类群。对该甲虫群落的物种丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数的分析结果表明,大豆田地表甲虫数量最多,松树林最少;物种丰富度以白桦-蒙古栎林最高,杨树林最低;多样性指数以田埂最高,杨树林最低;均匀度指数以田埂最高,杨树林最低。土地利用方式对地表甲虫数量、多样性有显著影响,对均匀度无显著影响;季节变化对地表甲虫数量无显著影响,但对地表甲虫多样性和均匀度有显著影响。     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in food and associated human daily intake assessment considering bioaccessibility measured by simulated gastrointestinal digestion

The concentrations of PBDEs in 299 vegetable and animal-based food samples of 31 species, collected in Shanghai, China, and the bioaccessibility of PBDEs in part of the samples were determined. The PBDE concentrations ranged from 0 to 1245.4 pg g⁻¹ with animal-based food containing more PBDEs than vegetables. The bioaccessibility of PBDEs, determined by a method simulating human gastrointestinal digestion process, were from 2.6% to 39.9% in vegetables, and from 5.2% to 105.3% in animal-based food. For animal-based food, good correlations were observed between the bioaccessibility of PBDEs and the fat content, thus the fat content in animal-based food was able to be used to estimate the bioaccessibility of PBDEs. The total daily intake of PBDEs via ingestion of vegetables and animal-based food for an average Shanghai resident was estimated as 13 235.7 and 13 668.0 pg d⁻¹, respectively, but the amounts available for human absorption were reduced to 2674.4 and 4316.6 pg d⁻¹ after the PBDE bioaccessibility was considered. Finally, the contributions of different food groups to the total daily intake of PBDEs were evaluated. The results revealed that, when not considering the bioaccessibility of PBDEs, vegetables were the leading contributor (49.2%), followed by fish (34.0%). However, the sequence was reversed after the PBDE bioaccessibility was taken into account. The results indicated that human exposure to PBDEs via food ingestion might have been significantly overestimated and the exposure assessment could be misleading if the bioaccessibility of PBDEs was not considered.     

珠江三角洲地区主要树种叶片多环芳烃含量特征及影响因素分析

应用气相色谱-质谱联用方法测定了珠江三角洲地区6种主要树种叶片多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,并对相应的叶脂含量、叶面积、比叶面积进行了测定,探讨了叶片PAHs含量特征和种间差异的影响因素.结果显示,松针PAHs含量显著高于阔叶,马尾松松针含量最高(1 034.7 ng·g-1),荷木含量最低(199.7 ng·g-1).在所有样品中,芴、菲、荧蒽、芘、世面(艹屈)为主要的PAHs组分,3、4环PAHs含量占∑PAHs的80%以上,各环化合物与∑PAHs在不同显著性水平上呈显著正相关关系.按脂含量计算PAHs含量能大大缩小种间含量的差异,高、低值相差约2倍(分别为6.8 ng·mg-1和2.7 ng·mg-1);按单位叶面积计算的PAHs含量进一步扩大了种间差异,最高值(15.3 ng·cm-2)约最低值(1.9 ng·cm-2)的8倍.进一步分析表明,ΣPAHs、3环PAHs、4环PAHs与脂含量呈良好线性正相关关系、与比叶面积表现出一定的线性负相关关系,显示两者是影响叶片PAHs含量种间差异的重要因素.     

长沙市典型园林植物叶片的滞尘等级与模式识别研究

基于长沙市10种典型植物叶片的多个滞尘指标,运用模糊数学理论构建植物的滞尘等级与识别模型,实现绿化植物滞尘综合量化评判方法的探究.首先,常规方法采集叶样后,运用打孔称质量法测量叶表面积参数,显微观察法计算植物叶表气孔与绒毛密度,干洗法测量单位叶面积最大滞尘量与自然滞尘量.然后,运用模糊聚类理论对10种植物滞尘指标进行滞...     

Toxicity of twenty-two plant essential oils against pathogenic bacteria of vegetables and mushrooms

Toxicity of twenty-two essential oils to three bacterial pathogens in different horticultural systems: Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (causing blight of bean), Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (bacterial wilt and canker of tomato), and Pseudomonas tolaasii (causal agent of bacterial brown blotch on cultivated mushrooms) was tested. Control of bacterial diseases is very difficult due to antibiotic resistance and ineffectiveness of chemical products, to that essential oils offer a promising alternative. Minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations are determined by applying a single drop of oil onto the inner side of each plate cover in macrodilution assays. Among all tested substances, the strongest and broadest activity was shown by the oils of wintergreen (Gaultheria procumbens), oregano (Origanum vulgare), and lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus. Carvacrol (64.0–75.8%) was the dominant component of oregano oils, while geranial (40.7%) and neral (26.7%) were the major constituents of lemongrass oil. Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli was the most sensitive to plant essential oils, being susceptible to 19 oils, while 11 oils were bactericidal to the pathogen. Sixteen oils inhibited the growth of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and seven oils showed bactericidal effects to the pathogen. The least sensitive species was Pseudomonas tolaasii as five oils inhibited bacterial growth and two oils were bactericidal. Wintergreen, oregano, and lemongrass oils should be formulated as potential biochemical bactericides against different horticultural pathogens.     

豆角秸秆生物炭对水中Cr（Ⅵ）吸附性能研究

为了解生物炭对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附效果,本文选用蔬菜废物豆角秸秆为原材料,采用限氧升温法在400℃和700℃温度下制备了两种生物炭。并研究了投加量、初始浓度、pH值、吸附时间、温度等因素对生物炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的影响。研究结果表明,2种豆角秸秆生物炭对水中Cr（Ⅵ）均有较好的吸附率,吸附最佳条件略有不同;D400对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的最佳吸附条件为投加量8g/L,初始浓度小于40mg·L^-1,pH值2—3;D700对水中Cr（Ⅵ）的最佳吸附条件为投加量8g/L,初始浓度小于60mg·L^-1,pH值2—4;基本达到吸附平衡的时间均为60min;温度对生物炭吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的影响很小。     

竹子生物质废弃物前处理技术比较研究

为开发高效、低成本的预处理技术,促进竹子生物质及其废弃物资源的能源化利用,采用3种不同纤维素预处理方法分别对竹子生物质废弃物——笋壳和竹叶(茎)进行比较研究,同时与玉米秸秆相比较.结果表明,在稀H2SO4–酶解工艺、浓H3PO4–酶解工艺和NaOH–酶解工艺条件下,几种样品水解液中分别存在3、4和5种糖类组分.在稀H2SO4–酶解工艺中,木糖为主要成分,其次为葡萄糖;在浓H3PO4–酶解工艺中,葡萄糖为主要成分,其次为木糖;而在NaOH–酶解工艺,葡萄糖和木糖含量基本相当.同时对样品处理前后的表面结构变化分析表明,不同处理工艺均改变了竹叶(茎)、笋壳和秸秆等样品的表面结构,其结构更为松散,从而有利于纤维素的酶解.