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71.
This article documents the general need to reuse water reclaimed from sewage effluents for beneficial purposes and then considers in detail which specific uses will be most beneficial. The analysis begins by describing five levels of wastewater treatment: primary, secondary, tertiary, advanced, and advanced plus complete treatment. Next, five major uses for reclaimed water are identified: groundwater recharge, industrial use, irrigation, recreational lakes, and direct municipal reuse. Subcategories of reuse falling under each of the five major reuse categories are also identified and discussed. The analysis then proceeds to review significant literature available on health and environmental effects, treatment and distribution costs, and public opinion concerns in relation to each of the five major uses and their related subcategories. The paper concludes with a cumulative numerical analysis of the disbenefits associated with each specific type of reuse summed over the health effects, environmental effects, treatment costs, distribution costs, and public opinion concerns. Uses of reclaimed water for industrial purposes and for irrigation of fodder and fiber crops are found to be most beneficial by the analysis here employed, and use for aquifer recharge and direct municipal reuse are found to be least beneficial. 相似文献
72.
The treatments of municipal solid waste (MSW) and the domestic sewage (DS) are critical issues of the current political and environment discussions. These concerns are due to the lack of dumping areas, the continuous increase of the population, and public health issues. The adequate treatment and management of MSW and DS can produce many benefits such as financial funds, heat and energy production, reduction of emissions and recuperation of water for reuse. Currently in Campinas MSW and DS are deposited in landfills or discharged into rivers and other sites. In the present study two scenarios are evaluated for the treatment of MSW and DS in Campinas: recycling with biological treatment and recycling with thermal treatment. The most suitable treatments for Campinas, based on the data from the present analysis and taking into consideration the local conditions, maximization of energy potential and environmental benefits, are incineration for the MSW and biological treatment for DS, both with energy recuperation. The main gains of this option are substantial environmental benefits, generated energy which can reach 18% of the total electrical energy consumed in Campinas while about 53% recuperation of the total amount of water treated for Campinas in 2010. 相似文献
73.
对失去大部分活性的微生物膜进行再培养,以研究膜再利用的可能性。试验结果初部表明:在1/2MS培养基中加入一定量的植物激素,不仅可以使膜的电位值(I0)显著升高,且活性强,稳定性好,可使膜重复利用。 相似文献
74.
汽车生产过程中伴随着大量的自来水消耗与废水排放,因此,汽车工业具有较大的节能减排潜力.国内某汽车厂采用膜过滤技术对达标排放的废水进行深度处理,中水水质达到冷却水回用标准,作为补充水回用于循环冷却水系统.通过对中水水质的监控和冷却水系统的运行控制,保证中水回用实施效果.结果表明:中水回用后,循环冷却水满足系统运行条件,既节约了自来水的消耗又达到了减少污染物排放的目的,在汽车工业中具有一定的推广应用价值. 相似文献
75.
U. Pinto 《中国人口.资源与环境(英文版)》2015,13(3):250-264
The demand for potable water is rising rapidly due to an ever-increasing population, economic activities, and dwindling water supplies. To provide adequate water supplies in the future, understanding the issues and challenges in the reuse of water and developing appropriate strategies for reuse will be critical. One way to augment water supplies for residential use is to reuse graywater – the wastewater from kitchens, bathrooms, and laundries. In this article, we critically review the evolution of water reuse, the definition of graywater, graywater reuse practices, volumes and flow in different situations, and graywater characteristics. We then examine the issues associated with different graywater treatment methods and how using graywater for irrigation around homes affects soil quality and plant growth. The study concludes that graywater treatment costs, human health risks, and its effect on soil quality are some of the challenges that need to be addressed in the future for widespread and sustainable reuse of graywater for irrigation around homes. 相似文献
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为了评价Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)铁氧体工艺对PVA(聚乙烯醇)废水处理的可行性,采用Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)铁氧体工艺原位处理PVA模拟废水,考察不同作用时间、总铁投加量、初始ρ(PVA)和废水硬度对该工艺处理效果的影响.利用XRD(X射线衍射)、FT-IR(傅里叶转换红外光谱)、BET比表面积、VSM(磁滞回线测试)对沉淀物进行表征,解析该工艺原位处理PVA模拟废水的主要机理,并以该工艺沉淀物为吸附剂,通过锑吸附试验,探讨该工艺沉淀物的回用性.结果表明:①Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)铁氧体工艺对PVA模拟废水具有良好的处理能力,初始ρ(PVA)为1 000 mg/L时,该工艺在20 min以内即可达到80%以上的去除率,并且基本没有金属铁的残余,该工艺对PVA的去除率随总铁投加量的增加而提高且基本不受水体硬度影响. ②在Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)铁氧体工艺对PVA的原位去除过程中,PVA作为一种反应物参与沉淀物Fe3O4的生成,并促进纳米Fe3O4比表面积增大,最终形成一种类似于凝胶的Fe3O4聚合物. ③Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)铁氧体工艺可高效处理模拟PVA-MB(亚甲基蓝)染料废水.对于含有100 mg/L MB(亚甲基蓝三水)和500 mg/L PVA的混合溶液,MB和CODCr去除率在1 min时分别达到97.37%和89.47%.沉淀物通过磁分离、乙醇和水清洗后,在水中浸出的ρ(TOC)和ρ(CODCr)很低,分别为0.86和2 mg/L,可作为吸附剂直接使用,得益于其具有较高的比表面积,对金属锑的拟合吸附量可达71.94 mg/g. ④Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)铁氧体工艺具有一定的实际应用价值.对东莞某实际印染废水处理5 min,CODCr和染料的去除率分别为85.71%和98.98%.研究显示,Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)铁氧体工艺可高效去除PVA,沉淀物为易回收的磁性Fe3O4,可作为吸附剂直接使用. 相似文献
80.
Chao‐Hsien Liaw Liang‐Ching Chen 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2004,40(4):971-979
ABSTRACT: This work begins by defining rational water use, and then discusses important factors that most strongly influence it. A general model is then developed to enable factories to quantify the ratio of rational industrial water reuse based on the least cost method. The model is established to minimize the cost of water with reference to gross water use and three subsystems ‐ the intake, reuse, and discharge of industrial water. Discharge cost is determined using data from a 1997 survey of 38 factories, and reuse costs are ranked and expressed by a step function. The model is verified using data from a typical semiconductor factory in northern Taiwan's Hsinchu Science Based Industrial Park, whose effective rational water reuse ratio is about 38 percent. A sensitivity analysis shows that improving water reuse technology is the most important factor in determining the rational water reuse ratio, and the price of water is the second most important. When water costs over NT$30 (New Taiwan Dollar, US$1 = NT$34) per cubic meter, increasing reuse becomes significant. The model provides a step towards the scientific management of industrial water. 相似文献