废旧锂电池的回收与再利用研究

目前废旧电池污染对人类健康及环境造成的危害越来越受到人们的关注.结合目前国内废旧锂电池回收概况及区域废旧锂电池回收的实地调研情况,了解废旧锂电池的回收再利用现状及人们对废旧锂电池的认识,分析锂电池的再利用价值.同时,结合电池品种羔异的特性,设计出针对性强、可行性高的废弃锂池回收体系;通过分析锂电池工作的基本工作原理、使用特性及电池材料组成成分,提出一些延长锂电池使用寿命、增加使用周期的方法.     

我国城市污水处理回用调查研究

在水利部主持下,开展了2007年全国城市污水处理回用现状的调查,取得了全国城市污水回用现状的基础数据.结果表明,2007年,全国城市污水回用总量为17.9×108m3,城市污水处理回用率为5.23%,主要用于工业、景观、农林牧业、城市非饮用水、地下水回灌.全国共有127座再生水厂,再生水管道总长1 421.78 km.再生水厂总投资为56.44×108元,中央财政投资、地方财政投资和其他投资分别占16%、26%和58%,再生水管网其他投资和地方财政投资分别为66%和32%,中央投资仅为2%.再生水发展状况具有较强的地域性,与当地的水资源状况、产业结构和经济状况有密切关系.     

Performance analysis of on-farm irrigation tanks on agricultural drainage water reuse and treatment

Water reuse and pollutant removal efficiency analysis of the on-farm irrigation tanks (OFTs) was carried out in rice paddy field region of Zhanghe Irrigation District, Southern China through field experiments during the rice growing season of 2009–2011. Water flow measurements indicate that 20.6–68.9% of drainage water captured by OFTs was reused for supplemental irrigation. Rainfall was the most important factor that determines the water reuse efficiency (WRR) of OFTs, since higher rainfall resulted in higher surplus irrigation water draining out of OFTs without reuse, and thus decreased WRR. Fully using the storage capacity for storing return flow, and releasing totally for supplemental irrigation also enhanced WRR of OFTs. Water quality analysis shows that OFTs removed 47.2% of total phosphorous (TP) and 60.8% of total nitrogen (TN) of inflow and have a great effect on increasing sedimentation for return flow as the mean of removal efficiency of pollutant load (REL) for suspended solids (SS) amounted to 68.4%. For water treatment effectiveness of OFTs, high hydraulic retention time (HRT) is most beneficial to increase REL of TN whereas REL of TP is not sensitive to HRT. These results confirm that OFTs can effectively increase agricultural return flow reuse and remove pollutants. As the cascade OFTs irrigation system recycle return flow for several times, the irrigation water demand from outside of region was reduced significantly for rice production. Coupling with the effect of cyclic irrigation on the nutrients recycling by paddy fields, OFTs irrigation system also considerably mitigate the N and P off-site emission. Therefore, it is advisable to integrate the role of OFTs on water reuse and treatment for water saving irrigation and ecological management of paddy fields landscape.     

油田压裂返排液处理技术研究进展

分析了油田压裂返排液的组分和特点,归纳总结了成熟的传统压裂返排液处理技术和新型处理技术的优缺点,提出了压裂返排液处理应朝着优化工艺组合、开发高级氧化和电絮凝等新技术、研制撬装处理设备使处理工艺模块化和有效成分回收利用等未来方向发展,为油田压裂返排液无害化、资源化处理技术的研发提供了思路和参考。     

Assessing determinants of industrial waste reuse: The case of coal ash in the United States

Devising effective strategies to facilitate waste reuse depends on the solid understanding of reuse behaviors. However, previous studies of reuse behavior have been limited in scope, focusing mostly on household recycling behaviors or very limited types of industrial wastes. To gain a better understanding of the business reuse behaviors, this study examined the impact of various factors in technical, economic, regulatory, and behavioral categories in the case of coal ash generated in the United States. The results of fixed effect models for fly ash and bottom ash particularly showed the significance role of the behavioral factor. In both models, a proxy variable, which represents knowledge sharing among the power plants or the utility's decision-making, turned out to be statistically significant and had the largest coefficient estimates among a group of variables. This finding may imply that the characteristics of waste reuse behavior are determined more by business decision-making behaviors than by market or institutional factors. However, the role of the behavioral variable was stronger in the bottom ash models than in the fly ash models. While the reuse of bottom ash was determined primarily by the behavioral variable, fly ash reuse was determined by more diverse factors including economic and regulatory variables. This could be explained by material characteristics in relation to competing resources and the nature of reuse applications.     

超滤/反渗透双膜技术深度处理印染废水

由于印染废水具有高盐度,可生化性差,使常规方法难于处理完全.采用超滤和反渗透双膜技术处理实际印染废水,考察了不同超滤膜对废水的预处理性能,研究了BW30和CPA2两种反渗透膜在不同操作条件下对印染废水的处理效果,并分析了相关膜通量下降的原因.结果表明,超滤能有效地去除废水浊度和大分子有机物,为反渗透提供良好的进水水质.两种反渗透膜的产水化学需氧量(COD)均小于10 mg/L,电导率小于80/μS/cm,其对有机物和盐的去除率分别可达99%和93%以上,显示该产水能回用于大部分印染工序.BW30膜产水水质稍好于CPA2,但通量低于CPA2.     

一体式A/O生物接触氧化法处理生活污水回用研究

采用一体式A/O生物接触氧化工艺处理生活污水,研究回流比和在有无回流的情况下改变气水比等因素对系统性能的影响.结果表明,在进水流量5L/h,气水比为20:1,进水有机负荷0.517 kg/(m<'3>·h),回流比为3时,出水COD和氨氮分别为8.86mg/L和4.32mg/L,达到城市杂用水水质标准(GB/T1892...     

水泥工业的废弃物利用与CO2排放控制探讨

水泥工业不仅通过能源利用排放CO2 ,而且还是工业生产工艺过程中CO2 的最大非能源利用排放源。分析了水泥工业的发展现状及其能源消耗状况 ,计算了水泥工业的CO2 排放总量和分途径CO2 排放量 ,介绍了水泥工业的废弃物利用和控制水泥工业CO2 排放方面的一些具体技术 ,提出了一些针对水泥工业的CO2 排放控制措施和新型富氧燃烧技术应用于水泥工业的设想。     

印染废水处理回用工艺现状研究

印染废水产生量大、有机物含量高、具有一定的毒害性,因此印染废水的回用是降低印染废水污染和印染用水消耗的重要途径,印染废水回用包括原废水和二级生化出水的处理回用。印染废水主要回用于印染生产过程,在以印染原废水处理回用时,典型工艺是生化处理+膜分离组合工艺;在以印染废水处理后的二级生化出水进行处理回用时,其典型工艺分别是超滤+反渗透组合工艺,工艺出水可回用于印染漂洗、染色等生产过程,实现废水厂内循环利用。     

北京市再生水的公众认知度评估

为缓解城市水资源短缺,回收再利用市政污水日益受到广泛关注.北京市作为最早实践再生水利用的城市之一,其市政污水再利用率已达约60%.本文以问卷、SPSS等作为调查研究工具,探索了被调查者的水资源及污水、再生水认知和再生水使用意愿、受访者的社会经济背景相关数据,对北京市公众的污水回用实践认知进行了评估.结果表明,北京市公众可强烈意识到城市水资源的短缺及处理污水的需要,但是他们在北京市主要水源、北京市用水量最大领域和北京市污水主要来源等问题上存在误区;大部分受访者对废水流向也表示不明确;然而,大于80%的居民表示只要不用于饮用或食物烹调,可以接受包括家庭使用的污水再利用,而63%的居民拒绝将再生水作为公共水源的补充;教育水平较高、个人收入较高、年龄介于35～55岁之间的被访者更加支持赞同再生水的使用,性别对调查结果并没有显著影响.最后,从公众、社区、政府这3个层面提出同步提升素质与认知、宣传和管理双管齐下、加强政策导向和硬件支持等建议.