The effect of N2/CO2 blend ratios on the pyrolysis and combustion behaviors of coal particles: Kinetic and thermodynamic analyses

The aim of this work is to investigate the impact of various CO₂/N₂ ratios on coal pyrolysis and combustion properties and to provide theoretical guidance for better preventing and controlling coal spontaneous combustion in the goaf. The dynamic pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of DX coal were analyzed by using a thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) in a constant oxygen atmosphere with different CO₂/N₂ blend ratios. The Málek method combining Coats-Redfern and Achar methods was used to determine the most probable mechanism functions. CO₂ containing atmospheres increased characteristic temperatures, burnout rate, maximum mass loss rate and comprehensive combustion performance index compared to O₂/N₂ atmospheres. In stages I-III, a lower apparent activation energy was observed in O₂/CO₂ atmospheres. Apparent activation energy and enthalpy changes showed upward trends in the reaction stage (I→III→IV), whereas Gibbs free energy change and entropy change decreased. The dynamic pyrolysis and combustion of DX coal necessitated increased energy in environment with a CO₂/N₂ ratio of 4:6, revealing the optimal inhibitory effect on DX coal with this particular ratio.     

Cationic content effects of biodegradable amphoteric chitosan-based flocculants on the flocculation properties

A series of biodegradable amphoteric chitosan-based flocculants (3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTA) modified carboxymethyl chitosan, denoted as CMC-CTA) with different substitution degrees of CTA were prepared successfully. The content of carboxymethyl groups in each CMC-CTA sample was kept almost constant. The solubility of the various flocculants showed that, higher cationic content of flocculants caused a better solubility. The flocculation experiments using kaolin suspension as synthetic water at the laboratory scale indicated that the substitution degree of CTA was one of the key factors for the flocculation properties. With the increase of cationic content, the flocculants were demonstrated better flocculation performance and lower dosage requirement. Flocculation kinetics model of particles collisions combining zeta potential and turbidity measurements was employed to investigate the effects of the cationic content of the flocculants on the flocculation properties from the viewpoint of flocculation mechanism in detail. Furthermore, flocculation performance using raw water from Zhenjiang part of Yangtze River at the pilot scale showed the similar effects to those at the laboratory scale.     

Adsorptive removal of hydrophobic organic compounds by carbonaceous adsorbents: A comparative study of waste-polymer-based, coal-based activated carbon, and carbon nanotubes

Adsorption of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,3-dichlorobenzene (DCB), 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB) and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) on five different carbonaceous materials was compared. The adsorbents included three polymer-based activated carbons, one coal-based activated carbon (F400) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT). The polymerbased activated carbons were prepared using KOH activation from waste polymers: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) and tire rubber (TR). Compared with F400 and MWNT, activated carbons derived from PVC and PET exhibited fast adsorption kinetics and high adsorption capacity toward the HOCs, attributed to their extremely large hydrophobic surface area (2700 m²/g) and highly mesoporous structures. Adsorption of small-sized TCE was stronger on the tire-rubber-based carbon and F400 resulting from the pore-filling effect. In contrast, due to the molecular sieving effect, their adsorption on HCH was lower. MWNT exhibited the lowest adsorption capacity toward HOCs because of its low surface area and characteristic of aggregating in aqueous solution.     

有机氯农药微生物降解技术研究进展

文章综述了有机氯农药的污染化学特征、环境介质中的分布水平、降解功能微生物的种类以及典型有机氯农药的降解途径等,并对有机氯农药微生物降解相关的酶和基因以及降解机理进行了重点讨论。参与有机氯农药微生物降解过程的酶主要有脱氯化氢酶、水解酶和脱氢酶三种,它们通过共代谢,中间协同代谢或矿化等作用完成降解过程。相关降解基因主要是Lin家族基因,包括LinA～LinJ的10个典型功能基因编码。微生物降解有机氯农药的机理主要包括矿化作用、共代谢作用、种间协同代谢作用、活化作用和间接作用等,其中矿化过程包括氧化、还原、水解、脱水、脱卤和裂解等生化反应。由于有机氯农药的持久性和广泛污染性,其降解机理及中间产物的类型、毒性以及新型降解菌的效能开发仍是该领域今后的研究重点。     

SO_3烟气调质对粉尘导电性能的改善机制

以塔山电厂SO3烟气调质运行实测数据为基础条件,通过分析SO3烟气调质后的除尘效率与飞灰比电阻、飞灰粒径、飞灰含湿量等理化性质,揭示SO3烟气调质对燃用高灰分劣质煤电厂除尘性能改善机制。为期一年测试结果表明:调质后比电阻降低3个数量级,2μm以下粒径粉尘比例提高了近6%,含湿量提高14%,从而提高表面导电机制,改善电除尘器电气参数,使电除尘效率由原来98.82%稳定提高至99.91%。     

城市污泥处理过程中有机成分的变化

有机成分是城市污泥处理处置中需要重点关注的对象,对于污泥处理技术路线的选择十分重要。介绍了我国城市污泥有机成分含量的2种测量方法和有机成分的分类研究,阐述了好氧堆肥、厌氧消化、干化、焚烧、水热处理等污泥处理过程中有机成分的变化,包括有机成分的反应机理,产物中有机成分的组成及性质等。     

生物质发电项目碳排放计算方法应用研究

生物质发电是将废弃生物质变成可再生能源得以充分利用,这些工程将减少来自于生物质自然腐烂和无控燃烧产生的温室效应,这不仅节约了煤炭,同时也减少了二氧化碳的排放。本文中以某生物质项目发电为例,根据CDM方法学ACM0006计算了该项目的减排量。结果表明,该项目10年间共减少了二氧化碳排放量2 075 140吨,给中国带来了可观的经济效益和环境效益。     

光催化体系中噻虫胺降解动力学及机制

利用光催化技术探讨了烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫胺在水体环境中降解的可行性,不同催化剂浓度、反应温度、底物浓度、溶液初始p H值和不同阴阳离子等因素对其光催化降解动力学的影响,及其初步的光催化降解机制.结果表明噻虫胺的光催化降解符合L-H动力模型,其降解假一级动力学速率常数为0.050 6 min-1.当催化剂用量(TiO_2)为3.0 g·L~(-1)时,噻虫胺的光催化降解速率最大;高温和较低的底物浓度有利于噻虫胺的光催化降解;溶液的初始p H值为5时噻虫胺的降解速率最大,强酸和强碱均不利于其光催化降解.而无机阴、阳离子对噻虫胺降解均有明显的抑制作用.最后,通过GC/MS对噻虫胺光催化降解中间产物进行了初步鉴定,研究发现在活性氧物种的作用下噻虫胺降解途径主要有母体化合物的羟基化,硝基胍基团中N—N的断裂,以及连接硝基胍和噻唑环的C—N键的裂解等.     

土壤重金属污染现状与植物修复研究

概括了中国土壤重金属污染现状以及危害,总结了土壤重金属污染的植物修复类型和优缺点,超富集植物的研究进展重点阐述了植物对土壤重金属耐性和富集机制,以及超富集植物的种质资源,最后指出了植物修复未来的研究趋势。     

近期长江口南北槽分流口河段悬沙输运机制研究

针对近期长江口南北槽分流口地区出现新的河床冲淤演变情况,对分流口河道尤其北槽入口河段多次实测水文结果进行分析,探讨了分流口河道悬沙输运机制。〖JP2〗通过引入输沙机制影响强度尺度参数,得到悬沙输运机制的数学表达形式,并进一步探讨了北槽入口河道产生淤积的原因。结果表明：(1)北槽分流口存在三级输沙机制,且不同输沙机制项在近口段、口中段和口内段各段中影响程度也不相同;(2)分流口泥沙来源于南港河段,在向“南港-北槽”输运过程中,一部分泥沙受到分流潜堤拦截,落淤在潜堤北侧造成九段沙沙头持续淤长;(3)悬沙在口中段受两项输沙机制的共同控制下,跨跃航槽,横向输运。并在输移过程中落淤,最终形成北槽入口局部区域的持续淤积