Changes in Extractability of Cr and Pb in a Polycontaminated Soil After Bioaugmentation With Microbial Producers of Biosurfactants, Organic Acids and Siderophores

Partly because of the low bioavailability of metals, the soil cleaning-up using phytoremediation is usually time-consuming. In order to enhance the amount of metals at the plant's disposal, the soil bioaugmentation coupled together with phytoextraction is an emerging technology. In this preliminary work, two agricultural soils which mainly differed in their Cr, Hg and Pb contents (LC, low-contaminated soil; HC, high-contaminated soil) were bioaugmented in laboratory conditions by either bacterial (Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens or Ralstonia metallidurans) or fungal inocula (Aspergillus niger or Penicillium simplicissimum) and incubated during three weeks. The LC soil pots bioaugmented with A. niger and P. aeruginosa contained higher concentrations of Cr (0.08 and 0.25 mg.kg⁻¹ dw soil) and Pb (0.25 and 0.3 mg.kg⁻¹ dw soil) in the exchangeable fraction F1 (extraction with MgCl₂) by comparison with the non-bioaugmented soil where neither Cr nor Pb was detected. Conversely, immobilization of Cr and Pb in the soil were observed with the other microorganisms. The soil bioaugmentation not only modified the metal speciation for the most easily extractable fractions but also modified the distribution of metals in the other fractions, to a lesser extent nevertheless. The difference in microbial concentrations between the bioaugmented or not HC soils reached up to 1.8 log units. Thus the microorganisms that we chose for the soil bioaugmentation were competitive towards the indigenous microflora. The PCA analysis showed close positive relationships between the microorganisms which potentially produced siderophores in the soil and the amount of Cr and Pb in the fraction F1.     

泥浆体系中受喹啉污染土壤的生物修复

将受喹啉污染的土壤 (污染量为 1mg/g土)与一定量的水混合形成泥浆 ,通过引入专性喹啉降解菌皮氏伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia pickettii)进行土壤的生物修复 .结果表明 ,采用引入喹啉降解菌的生物强化技术进行受喹啉污染的土壤的生物修复是可行的 .喹啉降解菌的引入大大加快了喹啉的生物降解过程 .最快只需 6h就可将喹啉完全去除 .考察比较了投菌量 ,泥浆中的含水量及营养元素(N,P)的存在对生物修复效果的影响 .土壤对难降解有机物喹啉的吸附等温线符合弗兰德里希方程 .     

生物流化床处理垃圾渗滤液的硝化强化实验研究

采用厌氧/好氧/硝化耦合生物流化床反应器处理高浓度难降解垃圾渗滤液,通过摇瓶富集与开放体系扩大培养得到高浓度的硝化菌液,用于硝化生物流化床反应器的挂膜启动、驯化与动态运行实验。结果表明,扩培菌液中亚硝化细菌与硝化细菌的浓度分别达到9 .0×107 和3. 5×107 MPN/mL。硝化生物流化床的强化挂膜启动与驯化约历时30d,实际废水动态运行的结果显示,当进水垃圾渗滤液平均氨氮浓度为284 .4mg/L时,出水氨氮浓度为14. 3mg/L,达到了GB16889 1997一级排放标准,经过硝化生物强化的流化床反应器处理高浓度垃圾渗滤液的硝化速率高达28. 1gNH+4 N/m3·h,与未经生物强化的同类系统相比高出近1倍。     

膜曝气-生物膜反应器生物强化处理阿特拉津废水运行性能

在疏水SPG(shirasu porous glass)膜表面形成基因工程菌生物膜,构建SPG膜曝气-生物膜反应器(MABR)生物强化处理阿特拉津废水,考察MABR反应器稳定运行过程中污染物去除性能及其影响因素.结果表明,增大SPG膜孔径和曝气压力,能够提高曝气供氧能力,改善COD和阿特拉津生物强化去除效能.1.5μm疏水SPG膜在70 k Pa曝气压力下的最大供氧能力约为22.4 g·(m~2·d)~(-1).曝气压力为70 k Pa、水力停留时间(HRT)为1.5 h时,1.5μm膜MABR反应器COD平均去除率为80.1%,平均去除负荷为1.86 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);阿特拉津平均去除率为62.5%,平均去除负荷为0.18 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1).进一步缩短HRT、增加进水负荷后,MABR反应器DO浓度显著下降,COD和阿特拉津去除效率大幅降低.DO浓度对阿特拉津去除的影响更为显著.随着MABR反应器的稳定运行,SPG膜表面单一基因工程菌生物膜逐渐演化为复杂微生物群落,但基因工程菌可以较好地存在于生物膜内,从而保持阿特拉津生物强化去除能力.     

Anaerobic BTEX degradation in soil bioaugmented with mixed consortia under nitrate reducing conditions

Different concentrations of BTEX, including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and three xylene isomers, were added into soil samples to investigate the anaerobic degradation potential by the augmented BTEX-adapted consortia under niwate reducing conditiom. All the BTEX substrates could be anaerobically biodegraded to non-detectable levels within 70 d when the initial concentrations were below 100 mg/kg in soil. Toluene was degraded faster than any other BTEX compounds, and the high-to-low order ofdegradation rates were toluene>ethylbenzene>m. xylene>o-xylene>benzene>P. xylene. Nitrite was accumulated with nitrate reduction. but the accumulation of nitrite had no inhibitory effect on the degradation of BTEX throughout the whole incubation. Indigenous bacteria in tIle soil could enhance the BTEX biodegradation ability of the enriched mixed bacteria. When the six BTEX compounds were simultaneously present in soil, there was no apparent inhibitory effect on their degradation with lower initial concentrations. Alternatively, benzene, o-xylene, and P-xylene degradation were inhibited with higher initial concentrations of 300 mg/kg. Higher BTEX biodegradation rates were observed in soil samples with the addition of sodium acetate compared to the presence of a single BTEX substrate. and the hypothesis of primary-substrate stimulation or cometabolic enhancement of BTEX biodegradation seems likely.     

真菌-细菌修复石油污染土壤的协同作用机制研究

提出并研究了真菌和细菌协同强化原位修复石油污染土壤.从中原油田石油污染土壤中筛选出刺孢小克银汉霉菌(Cunninghamella echinulata)和阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae),在泥浆体系中考察了Cun.echinulata和E.cloacae的生长及其对石油烃的降解过程.结果表明,混合培养体系中细菌和真菌的数量最高分别为其纯培养体系的3倍和20倍,细胞衰亡则被明显推迟;混合培养体系中石油烃的去除率高于真菌和细菌纯培养体系石油烃去除率的总和;采用多次接种新鲜菌种的培养方式能够强化混合培养体系对石油烃的降解.在石油烃污染土壤中接入由Cun.echinulata和E.Cloacae所组成的真菌-细菌微生物制剂实施原位修复,结果表明,Cun.echinulata和E.Cloacae的生长及其对石油烃的降解不受土著微生物的抑制,最适工艺条件为:水和木屑含量分别为25%和6%(质量分数),Cun.echinulata和E.cloacae接种量分别为2.5×104和2.5 × 107CFU/g.接种上述真菌-细菌40 d后石油烃去除率可达约65%,而土著微生物对石油烃去除率为16.0%.     

异养硝化/好氧反硝化菌生物强化含海水污水的SBR短程硝化系统初探

研究了异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌应用于短程硝化系统的可行性.采用生物强化技术将4株高效异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌投入耐盐短程硝化污泥中,考察了其对含海水污水的SBR短程硝化系统的强化效果,并比较了强化系统与原系统的差异性.结果表明,强化系统的NO2--N最大积累量比原系统降低34.92%,而且到达NO2--N最大积累量的时间比原系统提前2h.强化系统的TN和COD在硝化段中后期持续降低,硝化结束时其TN和COD去除率比原系统高出15.24%和5.39%,NH4+-N去除率和亚硝化率比原系统高出6.85%和14.47%.强化系统的pH比原系统高0.46,而ORP低25.84mV.强化系统的性能提升是由强化菌的异养硝化作用和好氧反硝化作用引起的.当受到70%海水盐度冲击时,强化系统的稳定性高于原系统,强化菌的加入有效地抑制了系统从短程硝化向全程硝化转变的趋势.在强化系统与原系统运行的各阶段,强化菌种的数量发生了变化,且随着系统排泥强化菌大量流失.本研究为异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌应用于短程脱氮系统的可行性提供了理论参考.     

利用T-RFLP解析生物强化去除吡啶过程中微生物种群动态变化

在接种活性污泥处理含吡啶废水的序批式反应器中,引入吡啶降解菌Paracoccus sp.KT-5构成生物强化反应器,研究了对吡啶的生物强化去除特性及效果,利用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)手段解析了微生物种群结构的动态变化.结果表明,投加高效降解菌株KT-5可以加速反应器的启动,但随着反应器的运行,当吡啶初始浓度增加至195.6 mg·L^-1以后,生物强化反应器对吡啶降解的促进作用已不再明显;当吡啶初始浓度在293.4~586.8 mg·L^-1变化时,起初强化反应器对吡啶的去除速率出现了波动,尽管随后逐渐恢复,但仍然没有表现出明显的强化作用.T-RFLP的分析结果表明,当吡啶初始浓度达到978 mg·L^-1以后,生物强化反应器中已检测不到KT-5,表明生物强化作用的消失可能是因为引入的高效降解菌株KT-5的流失造成的.     

紫外诱变法提高好氧反硝化菌降解性能的研究

采用紫外诱变方法对从污水处理厂活性污泥中筛得的1株好氧反硝化菌(YS)进行处理,得到1株突变菌株(TB),考察了诱变前后2菌株的理化性能及反硝化能力的变化.结果表明,菌株TB的反硝化能力得到改善.在相同实验条件下,菌株TB对硝酸根的去除能力可从菌株YS的87%提高至93%,培养基中的亚硝酸根浓度从212.48 mg.L-1减少到37.62 mg.L-1,去除率从15%快速提高至85%,表明菌株TB对亚硝酸根的去除能力大幅提高,且传代前后菌株TB对硝酸根和亚硝酸根的去除率变化不大,遗传稳定性较好.对两菌株的反硝化性能影响因素的研究比较发现菌株YS的最适条件为:接种量1.5%左右,pH为6,C/N比为10,碳源为葡萄糖;而菌株TB的最适条件为:接种量1.5%左右,pH为9,C/N比为10,碳源为琥珀酸钠.     

木霉制剂对海州香薷生长和铜吸收的影响

将里氏木霉FS10-C用苜蓿粉发酵制成固体木霉制剂.采用温室盆栽试验,研究在外源铜浓度为0,100,200,400mg/kg的土壤上,施加木霉制剂对海州香薷生长和铜吸收的影响.结果表明:施加木霉制剂后,除400mg/kg外源铜浓度土壤上地上部干重外,海州香薷生物量在各外源铜浓度土壤上均呈增加趋势.施加木霉制剂的各外源铜浓度土壤NH4OAc提取态铜含量均显著高于空白组(P<0.05),且除100mg/kg外源铜土壤上地上部外,海州香薷铜积累量均呈增加趋势.其中地上部积累量在200和400mg/kg外源铜土壤上均差异显著(P<0.05),根积累量在100mg/kg外源铜土壤上差异显著(P<0.05),总积累量在100和400mg/kg外源铜土壤上均差异显著(P<0.05).可见,里氏木霉FS10-C制剂可通过促进植物生长和提高土壤铜的植物有效性而提高海州香薷对铜的吸收能力,是一种颇具研发潜力的生物修复剂.