不同排放标准公交车燃用生物柴油颗粒物排放特性

基于重型底盘测功机,对比研究了满足国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ排放标准的柴油公交车分别燃用生物柴油与柴油混合燃料B0/B5/B10在中国典型城市公交车循环下的颗粒物排放特性.结果表明燃用B0/B5/B10时,国Ⅴ车相对国Ⅲ车总颗粒数量和质量排放分别降低约68.1%、56.2%、57.5%和52.7%、64.8%、88.5%,相对国Ⅳ车,总颗粒质量排放分别降低了约43.0%、47.3%和42.1%,但数量排放分别上升了约4.0%、7.6%和14.7%.国Ⅲ车核态颗粒排放主要来自高速行驶工况,而国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ车主要来自中低速行驶工况;国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ、国Ⅴ车聚集态颗粒排放主要都来自中低速行驶工况.其中在车速较低时,国Ⅴ、国Ⅳ车相对国Ⅲ车核态颗粒数量和质量排放明显降低,聚积态颗粒也有降低,但国Ⅴ车相对国Ⅳ车改善不明显,核态颗粒数量和质量排放反而增加,且随着生物柴油掺混比例的上升,增幅越明显.在高速时,国Ⅲ车核态颗粒数量和质量排放急剧增加,国Ⅴ、国Ⅳ车略有增加,且国Ⅳ车聚集态颗粒数量和质量排放明显大于国Ⅴ车和国Ⅲ车.燃用生物柴油掺混比例较大的B10时,国Ⅲ车较大粒径颗粒排放急剧恶化,聚集态颗粒数量和质量排放大幅增加,不适合推广应用较大生物柴油掺混比燃油.     

生物柴油的研究与应用

介绍了生物柴油的特点和性质以及主要的生产方法；综述了生物柴油的国内外研究、生产现状和发展趋势；分析了发展生物柴油对中国石油安伞、国民经济建设、农业产业结构调整和环境保护的作用；并展望了该产业的发展前景。     

CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Mitigation and Renewable Oil from Photosynthetic Microbes: A New Appraisal

The only major strategy now being seriously considered for biological mitigation of atmospheric CO₂ relies entirely on terrestrial plants. Photosynthetic microbes were the focus of similar consideration in the 1990s. However, two major government-sponsored research programs in Japan and the USA concluded that the requisite technology was not feasible, and those programs were terminated after investing US$117 million and US$25 million, respectively. We report here on the results of a privately funded US$20 million program that has engineered, built, and successfully operated a commercial-scale (2 ha), modular, production system for photosynthetic microbes. The production system couples photobioreactors with open ponds in a two-stage process – a combination that was suggested, but never attempted – and has operated continuously for several years to produce Haematococcus pluvialis. The annually averaged rate of achieved microbial oil production from H. pluvialis is equivalent to <420 GJ ha ^-1 yr^-1, which exceeds the most optimistic estimates of biofuel production from plantations of terrestrial ``energy crops.' The maximum production rate achieved to date is equivalent to 1014 GJ ha^-1 yr^-1. We present evidence to demonstrate that a rate of 3200 GJ ha^-1 yr^-1 is feasible using species with known performance characteristics under conditions that prevail in the existing production system. At this rate, it is possible to replace reliance on current fossil fuel usage equivalent to ∼300 EJ yr^-1 – and eliminate fossil fuel emissions of CO₂ of ∼6.5 GtC yr^-1 – using only 7.3% of the surplus arable land projected to be available by 2050. By comparison, most projections of biofuels production from terrestrial energy crops would require in excess of 80% of surplus arable land. Oil production cost is estimated at $84/bbl, assuming no improvements in current technology. We suggest enhancements that could reduce cost to $50/bbl or less.     

Transesterification of Pistacia chinensis seed oil using a porous cellulose-based magnetic heterogeneous catalyst

In the present work, a novel cellulose-based porous heterogeneous solid acid catalyst encapsulation of ferriferous oxide (Fe₃O₄) and sulfonated graphene (GO-SO₃H) into cellulose to form composite porous microspheres catalyst (GO-SO₃H/CM@Fe₃O₄)was synthesized and evaluated for biodiesel production from Pistacia chinensis seed oil. The SEM, EDS and FTIR analysis revealed that the catalyst GO-SO₃H/CM@Fe₃O₄ owned stronger active sites and GO-SO₃H dispersed well in porous surface and inside of cellulose support. Under the optimum conditions, microwave-assisted transesterification process was carried out with the best catalyst amount, i.e. 5 wt% GO-SO₃H/CM@Fe₃O₄ (weight ratio of GO-SO₃H/cellulose), and conversion yield reached 94%. The prepared catalyst could be easily separated from reaction solution by extra magnetic field and reclaimed at least five runs.     

地沟油脱胶工艺条件优化

研究地沟油的脱胶工艺,比较了磷酸脱胶、水脱胶和磷酸-水联合脱胶3种方法的脱胶效果,考察了脱胶温度、磷酸用量、酸化时间、水用量和水化时间对磷酸-水联合脱胶效果的影响,并通过正交试验对其脱胶条件进行了优化。结果表明,磷酸脱胶、水脱胶和磷酸-水联合脱胶的脱胶率分别为8.78%、68.18%和79.32%;磷酸-水联合脱胶的最优脱胶条件为:脱胶温度60℃,磷酸用量0.1%,酸化时间40 min,水用量3%,水化时间30 min,在此条件下,脱胶率为96.70%。因此,磷酸-水联合脱胶可除去地沟油中的胶体,达到生物柴油原料的要求。     

燃用生物柴油对柴油机颗粒生成和排放特性研究进展

为深入研究生物柴油对柴油机颗粒排放的影响,在总结国内外相关研究进展的基础上,通过研究生物柴油的化学组成和物理特性,讨论了生物柴油产生颗粒的特殊性及其对环境的影响.在此基础上,从PAHs（polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,多环芳烃）的形成途径角度简要分析了生物柴油颗粒形成的机理,并从生物柴油的3个关键性质入手,分析了其对颗粒排放的规律和影响.最后,以实际柴油机运行时的5项参数为基础,讨论柴油机实际使用生物柴油对颗粒排放的影响.结果表明:①不同材料和产地生物柴油的理化特性和对颗粒排放的影响有很大不同,但总体有利于减少对人体和环境的有害排放.②生物柴油将改变颗粒形成过程中半挥发性物质在微晶核表面的吸附,富氧作用也使燃烧热解后生成的颗粒尺寸更小,减少40%~50%;同时,纳米结构上的变化增加了生物柴油颗粒的反应活性,形成了更多30 nm以内的核态模式颗粒,更容易被人体吸收.③脂肪酸链的长度、不饱和度和含氧量对生物柴油颗粒排放量的减少发挥了重要作用,而柴油机参数的不同也对生物柴油的颗粒排放十分重要.④生物柴油对颗粒生成机理的关键在于复杂的含碳前驱物的生成路径.使用生物柴油总体上可减少前驱物的排放量,其主要成分为四元环和五元环,占总排放量的58.70%以上,但苯并蒽和?分别上升了44%和340%.研究显示,柴油机燃用生物柴油对颗粒排放有积极的一面,但在超细颗粒和某些特定前驱物控制上仍需引起高度重视.      

核桃果皮基磁性固体酸催化剂的制备及其催化性能研究

采用自底向上策略,利用农业废弃物核桃青果皮制备了磁性碳质固体酸催化剂,并对其进行了BET、XRD、SEM、IR和TGA等表征分析.结果表明,合成的磁性固体酸催化剂结构蓬松,比表面积大,具有良好的热稳定性.催化剂MPCs-0.2-SO₃H在生物柴油的合成中具有良好的催化活性.当醇油比为30,催化剂加入量为油酸质量的7%,80℃反应8 h酯化率达到74.2%,比商用Amberlyst-15催化剂的酯化率高近20%,最高含水量可达油酸质量的4%,重复使用3次后仍具有较高的酯化率,不仅实现了废弃物的资源化,而且得到的催化剂磁性易分离,在生物柴油的合成中具有巨大的应用潜能.     

麻疯树种子油生命周期的经济、环境与能量效率

要成为化石能源的有效替代品,生物燃料必须能提供净能量收益,能产生环境效益,具有经济效率,且在大量生产的情况下不引起粮食危机。麻疯树作为第二代生物柴油的重要原料作物,在国内得到大力推广,但实际效率尚不清楚。基于将麻疯树种子油与化石柴油直接混合使用的技术选择,利用生命周期评估法分析了麻疯树种子油生命周期的经济、环境和能量效率。结果表明：（1）在当前产量和生产技术水平下,生产和使用麻疯树种子油的财务净现值为负,要促进麻疯树种子油的生产,需要每年为种子生产者提供8817 元/hm2以上的补贴,为榨油厂商提供268 元/L的补贴;（2）生产和使用每升麻疯树种子油可减少约13 kgCO2当量的温室气体排放,固碳价值为补贴生产提供了部分经济依据,但是仅考虑种子油和固碳的价值时,生产和使用麻疯树种子油尚不具有经济可行性;（3）当仅考虑种子油的能量产出时,只有当种子产量达到795 kg/hm2以上才具有能量效率;当把树枝和果壳等所包含的生物质能计算在内时,在较低种子产量的情况下,也具有显著的能量效率。敏感性分析表明,随着麻疯树种子产量的增加,财务净现值趋于下降,但是种子油的成本下降,减排温室气体的贡献和能量效率都增加。最后,基于麻疯树种子油的生命周期分析,提出了提高经济、环境和能量效率的途径。〖     

Transcriptional responses of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) to thermal, bisphenol A, and copper stresses in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum

The designation of biodiesel as an environmental-friendly alternative to diesel oil has improved its commercialization and use. However, most biodiesel environmental safety studies refer to air pollution and so far there have been very few literature data about its impacts upon other biotic systems, e.g. water, and exposed organisms. Spill simulations in water were carried out with neat diesel and biodiesel and their blends aiming at assessing their genotoxic potentials should there be contaminations of water systems. The water soluble fractions (WSF) from the spill simulations were submitted to solid phase extraction with C-18 cartridge and the extracts obtained were evaluated carrying out genotoxic and mutagenic bioassays [the Salmonella assay and the in vitro MicroFlow® kit (Litron) assay]. Mutagenic and genotoxic effects were observed, respectively, in the Salmonella/microsome preincubation assay and the in vitro MN test carried out with the biodiesel WSF. This interesting result may be related to the presence of pollutants in biodiesel derived from the raw material source used in its production chain. The data showed that care while using biodiesel should be taken to avoid harmful effects on living organisms in cases of water pollution.     

利用生物柴油去除滨海构筑物上原油的模拟研究

溢油向岸滩漂移会造成海岸带人工构筑物的严重污染。采用混凝土片模拟滨海构筑物,研究投加生物柴油及营养对石油污染物的去除效果。结果表明,施加生物柴油可以促进滨海构筑物上的石油进入水中,生物柴油施加量越大,构筑物上残余的石油量越小;同时施加生物柴油和营养能够促进海水中降解石油微生物的增殖和石油的降解;营养和微生物条件一致的情况下,投加2 mL和5 mL生物柴油的系统中石油的总去除率分别为37.5%和32.7%,表明生物柴油的投加量有一个适宜值。研究结果可为生物柴油-营养联合修复石油污染海岸带提供数据支持。