铬污染土壤修复技术研究进展

介绍了铬污染土壤修复技术的最新研究进展,讨论了化学修复、生物修复和电修复技术等方面的研究状况.特别指出的是,生物修复技术无二次污染,电修复技术能强化土壤中的传质过程,两者的耦合有可能在该领域取得突破.     

Fertilizer application training programs,the adoption of formula fertilization techniques and agricultural productivity: Evidence from 691 apple growers in China

The article examines whether agricultural training boosted technology adoption and productivity was a key issue that was concerned by policymakers and researchers. Thus, impacts of fertilizer application training programs on the adoption of formula fertilization techniques and agricultural productivity were analyzed by using the survey data of 691 apple growers. The results indicated that: (i) compared with farmers who did not participate in fertilizer application training programs, the probability of the adoption of formula fertilization techniques was significantly increased by 256.1% for farmers who participated in fertilizer application training programs; (ii) fertilizer application training programs boosted the adoption of formula fertilization techniques via influencing farmers' cognition and willingness; (iii) yield was significantly increased by 14.3% at the 5% level through participating in fertilizer application training programs, and fertilizer application training programs improved agricultural productivity by means of enhancing the adoption of formula fertilization techniques. This study was conducive to evaluating the effectiveness of agricultural training and boosting agricultural sustainable development.     

小微景观水体治理技术探讨

小微景观水体环境容量小,自净能力低,易出现水质浑浊、藻类爆发等现象。常见的治理技术包括物理治理技术、化学治理技术和生物修复技术。在实际治理过程中,应采用多技术联用的综合治理方法,才能实现改善水质、恢复生态平衡、美化水景的目标。     

Suitability of the vegetation types in Mexico's Tamaulipas state for the siting of hazardous waste treatment plants

A land suitability study was carried out by applying a multiple-criteria technique to 12 different vegetation types in Mexico's Tamaulipas state to help select potentially suitable sites for hazardous waste treatment plants. Species richness, spatial distribution, and uniqueness were selected as the criteria for estimating a vegetation type's suitability. Using the analytical hierarchy process, we ranked and mapped vegetation types, then compared the results with rankings of the same vegetation types based only on their number of endemic species. The suitabilities of the various vegetation types were ordered in more or less the same way by both methods, except in two cases for which the results were very different. The method proved to be a useful tool despite the availability of only partial (mostly qualitative) information; under such circumstances, expert experience can be incorporated in the evaluation process to a limited degree. The technique described in this paper has a high potential to aid decisions when many opinions and options must be considered simultaneously.     

城市半封闭河道水体生态恢复试验

利用复合生态滤床、底泥生物氧化、水体生物修复和河道生态恢复等技术,对上海漕溪河富营养水体进行治理.结果表明,在每隔7～10 d间歇性流量300～400 m3/次的污水补水进量下,通过生物治理,消除了水体富营养和黑臭现象,从每个污水补给周期开始,3～4 d后COD、NH3-N、TP除去率分别达到50%、40%和55%以上,水体清澈见底.从2005年3～5月,河道生物多样性逐步增加,先后出现枝角类、桡足类动物和鱼类.表明对于已截污的城市半封闭河道,利用浸没式复合生态滤床对污水进行预处理,在此基础上,通过底泥生物氧化、水体增氧、河道生态恢复等措施,进行生物治理,可取得良好治理效果.本研究为城市半封闭河道的治理和养护提供了一套切实可行的方法.     

淡水水体中微囊藻毒素的监测技术

随着水体富营养化的日益加剧 ,有毒蓝藻水华在世界范围内频繁发生。有毒蓝藻产生的毒素对人类和动物有潜在的危害 ,迫切要求对水体中特别是饮用水源中的蓝藻毒素进行监测。微囊藻毒素是蓝藻产生的一类环状七肽 ,可以抑制蛋白磷酸酶 1和 2 A。微量微囊藻毒素还促进肿瘤的发生。简要介绍了近年来发展起来的几类微囊藻毒素监测技术 ,以期引起有关部门的重视     

微波技术在环境试样处理中的应用

综述了微波技术在样品消解、干燥以及溶剂萃取和解吸、生色反应、形态分析、微波雾化等方面的应用。比较了微波技术优于传统预处理技术之处。经分析认为该技术具有广阔的推广和应用前景。     

PM2.5手工监测技术要点探讨

以重量法为原理的手工监测法是国内外监测环境空气PM2.5质量浓度的标准方法,在空气质量监测中具有重要应用。该文以2012年跨4个季度近150 d的PM2.5手工监测实际操作经验为基础,重点探讨了手工监测法各环节的监测技术要点,如手工监测采样器的操作技术、滤膜种类的选择及前处理要求、滤膜更换技术、滤膜平衡和称重条件、质量保证和质量控制技术等,以期为推广PM2.5手工监测法提供技术参考。     

大气中NH3的光学监测技术研究进展

NH3是大气中含量仅次于NO和N2的含氮化合物,也是大气中重要的碱性气体,作为酸性污染物的中和剂,NH3越来越受到人们的重视。文章介绍了大气NH3的主要农业和非农业排放来源,并详细介绍了近年来大气NH3的光谱测量技术(光声光谱技术,量子级联激光吸收光谱技术,傅里叶红外分析技术,可调谐半导体激光器吸收光谱技术以及紫外差分吸收光谱技术)及其进展,总结并分析了这些技术的技术要点、应用领域以及在最近10年对大气NH3的测量结果和研究热点。     

套管磨损对钻井安全的影响及减磨技术对比

对套管磨损原因进行了分类和分析,认为井身质量、井身结构、套管材料、钻具运动状态、钻井液性能等是引起套管磨损的主要原因;对套管磨损机理进行了概括,套管磨损的主要形式为粘着磨损、切削磨损、磨蚀磨损、接触疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损;对套管防磨、减磨技术的减磨原理、结构组成、减磨特点、适应范围、经济技术特性等进行了系统的总结和对比,为现场选择套管磨损综合防治技术提供了参考.