环境样品中汞形态分析技术的进展

汞的毒性、环境行为、生物有效性不仅跟其浓度有关,还决定于其化学形态,因此汞的形态分析在环境科学中具有重要意义。样品前处理几乎是汞形态分析研究中不可或缺的步骤,而色谱和光谱/质谱联用技术是目前普遍采用的分离检测方法。文章对近十年来这些方面的研究进展进行了综述,主要包括样品的前处理方法如酸/碱溶剂萃取、微波辅助萃取、固相萃取、固相微萃取、单滴微萃取、分散液液微萃取等,以及色谱（液相色谱、气相色谱）和毛细管电泳与光谱/质谱（紫外可见光谱、原子吸收光谱、原子荧光光谱、等离子体质谱等）的联用技术在汞化合物形态分析中的应用情况。最后提出今后应重点研究建立高效、简便的前处理方法,发展高分离度、高灵敏度、高速度的分离检测联用技术,以便更好地对汞的形态进行分析监测。     

水产养殖自身污染及其生物修复技术

介绍了生物修复的概念、水产养殖存在的自身污染问题及其主要生物修复技术.营养物污染、药物污染和底泥富集污染是水产养殖存在的主要自身污染问题;微生物修复、水生植物修复和水生动物修复是污染养殖水域生物修复的3种主要形式;微生物的有效性、生物入侵、二次污染、修复生物的季节性和非水生植物的利用等方面是实施生物修复应注意的主要方面.最后指出,推行清洁生产、实行生态养殖是水产养殖业可持续发展的出路.     

Isolation and identification of fungi tolerant to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and coal tar from different habitats in Lithuania

A group of 36 fungal strains, belonging to the Lithuanian mycobiota, was collected and isolated from different locations, habitats, and matrices, including creosote-treated wood in storage yards for crosstie wastes. The eight most perspective strains selected according to preliminary assessment of tolerance to coal tar were subsequently identified combining taxonomical evaluation and molecular techniques. The tolerance of the eight identified fungal species (five basidiomycetes and three ascomycetes) to the presence of various concentrations of coal tar, and for the four most perspective fungal strains (Pleurotus sp., Schizophyllum sp., Irpex lacteus, Bjerkandera adusta) to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was evaluated. The ligninolytic enzymatic activity assay of the isolated strains resulted in a good correspondence between the tolerance to pollutants and the capability to produce ligninolytic enzymes indicating that this group of white-rot fungi is perspective for further investigation and eventual usage for mycoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons polluted substrates.     

2-巯基噻唑啉与过氧化氢酶的相互作用机理研究

2-巯基噻唑啉是一种被广泛应用的抗腐蚀剂和光亮剂,然而它的一些残留物会对环境造成损坏,为探究2-巯基噻唑啉的毒性作用,采用光谱学技术和分子对接技术来考察2-巯基噻唑啉和过氧化氢酶的相互作用影响,其中酶活性实验表明2-巯基噻唑啉会抑制过氧化氢酶的活性,分子对接结果显示2-巯基噻唑啉会结合在过氧化氢酶的活性位点处,并最终导致过氧化氢酶空间结构和微环境的变化,根据荧光测试结果,表明2-巯基噻唑啉和过氧化氢酶之间的猝灭方式为静态猝灭。通过测量不同温度下的结合位点数、结合常数以及热力学常数,显示2-巯基噻唑啉与过氧化氢酶主要通过氢键和范德华力相结合。该研究从分子水平上考察了2-巯基噻唑啉对蛋白质的毒性作用,对于阐明污染物的毒性机理具有重要意义。     

Dynamics of PCB removal and detoxification in historically contaminated soils amended with activated carbon

Activated carbon (AC) can help overcome toxicity of pollutants to microbes and facilitate soil bioremediation. We used this approach to treat a Histosol and an Alluvial soil historically contaminated with PCB (4190 and 1585 mg kg⁻¹, respectively; primarily tri-, tetra- and pentachlorinated congeners). Results confirmed PCB persistence; reductions in PCB extractable from control and AC-amended soils were mostly due to a decrease in tri- and to some extent tetrachlorinated congeners as well as formation of a bound fraction. Mechanisms of PCB binding by soil and AC were different. In addition to microbial degradation of less chlorinated congeners, we postulate AC catalyzed dechlorination of higher chlorinated congeners. A large decrease in bioavailable PCB in AC-amended soils was demonstrated by greater clover germination and biomass. Phytotoxicity was low in treated soils but remained high in untreated soils for the duration of a 39-month experiment. These observations indicate the utility of AC for remediation of soils historically contaminated with PCB.     

A risk-estimation methodological framework using quantitative assessment techniques and real accidents’ data: Application in an aluminum extrusion industry

The risk estimation presumably is the most crucial part of the entire procedure of assessing hazards/unsafe situations in the work, and especially in the industries’ and constructions’ worksites, where the working conditions are unstable. We can consider the risk as a quantity, which can be estimated and expressed by a mathematical relation, under the help of real accidents’ data. The aim of this work is quadruplicate: (a) the development, elaboration and explanation of two new quantitative risk-assessment techniques, (b) the improvement of specific points of other scientific works, as far as concerns quantitative risk estimation, (c) the application of these techniques on an industrial productive procedure (as a case study) and (d) the comparison of their outcome risk-estimation results. Particularly, we develop and analyze the theoretical background of the two techniques, which we call as “proportional technique” and “decision matrix technique”, and apply them on an aluminum extrusion industry's worksite, which is situated in Greece, by using real data of potential sources of hazards, recorded by safety managers, during the 5.5-year time period of 1999–2004. Comparing the results of the two quantitative risk-assessment techniques, we infer that they are compatible. Therefore, the most important hazard source in the aluminum industry is the “squeezing and hits by dropping objects (transported by derricks)”, and imposes that immediate suppressive measures must be taken place to abolish the danger source.     

Combined bioremediation for lead in mine tailings by Solanum nigrum L. and indigenous fungi

Lead-contaminated mine tailings were bioremediated using microbial/phyto remediation. The optimum lead accumulation and tolerance capacity of the plant–microbe partnership were investigated, and their mechanisms were evaluated further under varied levels of lead contamination through a flowerpot experiment in a greenhouse. Enzymes activities revealed that bioremediation has improved fertility and metabolism of tailing soil. The removal efficiency of lead was in the order of microbial/phytoremediation?>?phytoremediation. Solanum nigrum L. was not shown to be a hyperaccumulator for lead. Mucor circinelloides significantly enhanced the growth response and lead accumulation in plants more than Mortierella and Trichoderma asperellum. Moreover, Mortierella was discovered to have good metal tolerance capacity under high Pb concentrations (1200 and 1600?mg?kg^?1). The results for lead bioavailability showed that phytostabilisation serves as a major repair pathway for S. nigrum L. Effective fractions were immobilised for decreased bioavailability by T. asperellum and M. circinelloides. On the contrary, an increased amount of lead was mobilised for increased bioavailability by Mortierella. This study provides new insights into the feasibility of using S. nigrum L. and the aforementioned indigenous fungus strains for large-scale bioremediation of mine tailings.     

水土环境介质中阿特拉津修复过程研究进展

除草剂阿特拉津农用后的残留物会随地表径流或地下渗漏作用进入江河湖泊等自然水体,由于阿特拉津的环境内分泌干扰作用,其会造成水资源污染和水生态失衡。根据阿特拉津的生产和使用状况,将阿特拉津的污染对象分为土壤、市政污水、河流湖泊等地表水和地下水系统模块,分别阐述了这几种环境介质中阿特拉津的物理、化学和生物修复技术以及阿特拉津在修复过程中的变化特点,介绍了土壤在淋溶过程中阿特拉津的固定手段和今后污染水体中阿特拉津修复的研究重点。     

假单胞菌L-01产表面活性剂的性能分析

通过对活性部位测定,表明菌株L-01产的生物表面活性剂主要是胞外型的糖脂类物质;提取生物表面活性剂后,采用红外扫描仪和紫外扫描仪测定其结构并进一步分析表明,该生物表面活性剂为鼠李糖脂。当以柴油为惟一碳源培养菌株L-01时,在生长的对数后期开始产鼠李糖脂,并在稳定期的初期达到最大值。菌株L-01产的鼠李糖脂对柴油具有良好的乳化能力,培养60 h时,其E24值高达95.2%。通常表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC)是指在水中测得的,而对鼠李糖脂在水中和土壤中的测定其CMC值后,结果发现两者差距很大,在水中的CMC为65 mg/L;而在土壤溶液中时,其CMC值高达185 mg/L,这一点对利用生物表面活性剂于石油污染生物修复具有重要的参考价值,因为添加的表面活性剂在高于CMC值时才能有效地提高生物修复效率。     

石油烃污染土壤生物修复技术研究

生物修复由于其成本低、操作简便、无二次污染的特点,已越来越多的运用到石油烃污染土壤的修复过程中。本文阐述了生物强化、生物刺激、生物通风、生物堆肥法和生物反应器法几种常见的生物修复技术的修复原理、使用条件和研究现状,以及讨论了土壤性质对生物修复的影响,并对今后利用生物修复石油烃污染土壤的研究进行了展望。