农田土壤除草剂污染的修复技术研究进展

除草剂主要用于保护农作物免受杂草的侵害,是现代农业生产中用量最多的一类农药.然而,随着全球粮食需求的增加,除草剂的用量逐年增大,药效也不断增强,导致除草剂在农田土壤中出现累积、迁移转化和毒害作用等问题.为了降低除草剂给土壤-作物系统带来的生态风险,根据除草剂污染特征和区域农业生产规律研发绿色低碳修复技术,是目前生态环境领域需要关注的问题.基于此,整理了近年来关于农田土壤除草剂污染治理的相关报道,重点分析了修复技术的研究进展和应用案例,并对除草剂修复领域未来的发展动态进行了展望.目前应用于农田除草剂的修复技术主要有基于微生物修复、酶修复和植物修复的生物修复技术,以及基于生物炭基材料的吸附固定技术.其中,生物修复技术的发展相对成熟,已经应用于实际农田除草剂的修复治理工作,并形成了成功的修复案例.为了提升对农田土壤除草剂污染的修复效果,修复技术逐渐从单一模式向物理化学-生物多技术耦合模式发展,以充分发挥多技术集成应用的协同作用.     

Soil enzymatic activities and microbial community structure with di erent application rates of Cd and Pb

This study focused on the changes of soil microbial diversity and potential inhibitory effects of heavy metals on soil enzymatic activities at different application rates of Cd andor Pb. The soil used for experiments was collected from Beijing and classified as endoaquepts. Pots containing 500 g of the soil with different Cd andor Pb application rates were incubated for a period of 0, 2, 9, 12 weeks in a glasshouse and the soil samples were analyzed for individual enzymes, including catalase, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase, and the changes of microbial community structure. Results showed that heavy metals slightly inhibited the enzymatic activities in all the samples spiked with heavy metals. The extent of inhibition increased significantly with increasing level of heavy metals, and varied with the incubation periods. The soil bacterial community structure, as determined by polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis techniques, was different in the contaminated samples as compared to the control. The highest community change was observed in the samples amended with high level of Cd. Positive correlations were observed among the three enzymatic activities, but negative correlations were found between the amounts of the heavy metals and the enzymatic activities.     

Rainwater harvesting planning using geospatial techniques and multicriteria decision analysis

Growing water scarcity and global climate change call for more efficient alternatives of water conservation; rainwater harvesting (RWH) is the most promising alternative among others. However, the assessment of RWH potential and the selection of suitable sites for RWH structures are very challenging for the water managers, especially on larger scales. This study addresses this challenge by presenting a fairly robust methodology for evaluating RWH potential and identifying sites/zones for different RWH structures using geospatial and multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) techniques. The proposed methodology is demonstrated using a case study. The remote sensing data and conventional field data were used to prepare desired thematic layers using ArcGIS© software. Distributed Curve Number method was used to calculate event-based runoffs, based on which annual runoff potential and runoff coefficient maps were generated in the GIS (geographic information system) environment. Thematic layers such as slope, drainage density, and runoff coefficient and their features were assigned suitable weights and then they were integrated in a GIS to generate a RWH potential map of the study area. Zones suitable for different RWH structures were also identified, together with suitable sites for constructing recharge structures (check dams and percolation tanks along the streams). It was found that the study area can be classified into three RWH potential zones: (a) ‘good’ (241 km²), (b) ‘moderate’ (476 km²), and (c) ‘poor’ (287 km²). About 3% of the study area (30 km²) is suitable for constructing farm ponds, while percolation tanks (on the ground) can be constructed in about 2.7% of the area (27 km²). Of the 83 sites identified for the recharge structures, 32 recharge sites are specially suited to the inhabitants because of their proximity. It is concluded that the integrated geospatial and MCDA techniques offer a useful and powerful tool for the planning of rainwater harvesting at a basin or sub-basin scale.     

地表环境汞污染的生物修复技术及展望

汞（Hg）及其化合物是一类重要的全球污染物，环境中高浓度的汞会对生态系统和人类健康造成严重危害。《关于汞的水俣公约》正式生效后，汞生产量、使用量和排放量将得到有效控制。然而历史排放汞导致的污染问题依然会对自然环境造成长期的生态风险，因此在减排的同时也亟需开发、发展有效治理汞污染的方法。本文总结了汞污染生物修复的技术及应用原理，分析了基于生物修复原理运用合成生物学手段改造生物将其运用到汞污染修复的优势和潜力，最后探讨了汞污染合成生物学修复应重点关注的问题和前沿研究方向。     

氧气条件对矿化垃圾修复石油污染土壤的影响

通过对比不同氧气条件下矿化垃圾修复石油污染土壤的效果、降解产物、生态毒性、酶活性和微生物群落,分析了氧气条件对矿化垃圾修复石油污染土壤的影响.结果表明,添加矿化垃圾在厌氧、好氧和厌氧-好氧3种氧气条件下对微生物修复石油污染土壤都有较好的强化效果.修复的最佳氧气条件为好氧,好氧修复后土壤总石油烃(TPH)去除率最高,土壤...