磺胺甲唑对海水养殖废水处理过程中抗性细菌及抗性基因的富集作用

抗生素在海水养殖过程中大量使用,但仅有少部分被生物体利用,含有抗生素的废水进入水处理系统后,抗生素、抗性菌和抗性基因的响应过程尚不完全清楚.应用缺氧/好氧移动床生物膜反应器（A/O-MBBR）处理含磺胺甲唑（SMX）的海水养殖废水,探究在SMX选择压力下,反应器内抗生素和抗性基因丰度的变化规律,以及微生物群落和可培养的抗性细菌种群的响应.结果表明,在进水SMX浓度为500 μg·L^-1,水力停留时间为8 h,SMX加入初期会对NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N的去除率有轻微影响,随后逐步恢复;同时去除约32%的SMX,且78%以上SMX在缺氧区完成;抗性基因在缺氧区富集明显高于好氧区,在缺氧区磺胺类抗性基因（sul1）绝对丰度上升2.43 log,磺胺类抗性基因（sul2）上升1.71 log;而在好氧区,sul1 绝对丰度上升1.17 log,sul2 上升0.91 log.抗性平板培养结合高通量测序表明,假交替单胞菌属（Pseudoalteromonas）在反应器可培养抗性细菌中占最优势.高通量测序分析发现可培养的抗性细菌假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）在反应器内占比最高.表明含SMX的海水养殖废水可促进水中抗性基因的富集,部分抗性细菌的数量显著增加.     

Hydrodynamic characteristics of a four-compartment periodic anaerobic ba ed reactor

Periodic anaerobic baffled reactor (PABR) is a novel reactor based on the design concept of anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR). Residence time distribution (RTD) studies on both clean and working reactors at the same hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 2 d were carried out to investigate the dead spaces and mixing patterns in PABRs at different organic loading rates (OLRs) in various switching manners and frequencies.The results showed that the fraction of dead space in PABR was similar to that in ABR,which was low in comparison with other reactor designs.Dead space may be divided into two categories,hydraulic and biological.In RTD studies without biomass,the hydraulic dead space in the PABR run in an"every second"switching manner with T=2 d was the lowest whereas that in the PABR run in a T=∞(ABR) switching manner was the highest.The same trend was obtained with the total dead space in RTD studies with biomass no matter what the OLR was.Biological dead space was the major contributor to dead space but affected decreasingly at higher OLR whichever switching manner the PABR run in.The flow patterns within the PABRs were intermediate between plug-flow and perfectly mixed under all the conditions tested.     

厌氧折流板反应器对有毒有机物冲击负荷的适应性

在厌氧折流板反应器中,以氯酚配水进行毒物冲击负荷试验,进水ＣＯＤ为１１００～１２００ｍ ｇ／Ｌ,ＨＲＴ为１ｄ 时,连续２ｄ 投加五氯酚钠１６．８３～１７．７２ｍ ｇ／Ｌ．结果表明,厌氧污泥依次经历活性抑制阶段及活性恢复阶段．毒物冲击对反应器前段影响较大,对后段危害甚小．产酸菌比产甲烷菌先恢复,污泥活性恢复期为１８～２６ｄ,污泥驯化越好,其活性恢复越快．出水挥发酸和碱度变化也可表征系统恢复的进程     

Degradation of micropolluants in flow-through VUV/UV/H2O2 reactors: Effects of H2O2 dosage and reactor internal diameter

The degradation of atrazine (ATZ), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and metoprolol (MET) in flow-through VUV/UV/H₂O₂ reactors was investigated with a focus on the effects of H₂O₂ dosage and reactor internal diameter (ID). Results showed that the micropollutants were degraded efficiently in the flow-through VUV/UV/H₂O₂ reactors following the pseudo first-order kinetics (R² > 0.92). However, the steady-state assumption (SSA) kinetic model being vital in batch reactors was found invalid in flow-through reactors where fluid mixing was less sufficient. With the increase of H₂O₂ dosage, the ATZ removal efficiency remained almost constant while the SMX and MET removal was enhanced to different extents, which could be explained by the different reactivities of the pollutants towards HO^?. A larger reactor ID resulted in lower degradation rate constants for all the three pollutants on account of the lower average fluence rate, but the change in energy efficiency was much more complicated. In reality, the electrical energy per order (E_EO) of the investigated VUV/UV/H₂O₂ treatments ranged between 0.14–0.20, 0.07–0.14 and 0.09–0.26 kWh/m³/order for ATZ, SMX and MET, respectively, with the lowest E_EO for each pollutant obtained under varied H₂O₂ dosages and reactor IDs. This study has demonstrated the efficiency of VUV/UV/H₂O₂ process for micropollutant removal and the inadequacy of the SSA model in flow-through reactors, and elaborated the influential mechanisms of H₂O₂ dosage and reactor ID on the reactor performances.     

启动三级PN/A颗粒污泥反应器处理高浓度氨氮废水

为将部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化技术(PN/A)应用于高浓度氨氮废水的处理,本研究以经破碎后的全自养脱氮颗粒污泥为种污泥,通过协同控制进水氨氮负荷(NLR)、各格室溶解氧(DO)水平和游离氨(FA)浓度等参数,在106 d内成功启动了三级连续流反应器.结果表明,颗粒污泥在启动初期呈现明显的亚硝化功能.反应器采用高NLR和限制曝气的控制策略,能够有效控制亚硝酸氧化菌增殖,并避免DO对厌氧氨氧化菌的抑制作用,有利于颗粒密实度和脱氮活性的提升.当进水氨氮浓度升至350 mg·L-1时,通过调节进水p H和碱度投加量,可以消除前端格室内高FA浓度对功能菌活性的不利影响.反应器最终实现了7. 2 kg·(m~3·d)-1的总氮去除负荷,较传统活性污泥法高出50～100倍.模拟不同曝气强度的序批次实验也证明,各格室污泥的脱氮活性持续增强,且格室1中颗粒污泥的成熟度最高.期间,胞外聚合物含量与比总氮去除速率呈现良好的线性相关(R2 0. 97),这意味着颗粒密实度的改善对提升反应器性能具有积极意义.     

新型光电催化反应器的设计及其反应动力学

研制了一种新型的光电催化反应器,并对PEG-2000模拟废水进行了降解动力学研究。结果表明,电解、光催化、光电催化去除0.5 g/L的PEG-2000模拟废水中COD为零级反应,从动力学角度来看,光电协同作用明显;在不同的外加偏压、初始pH值、曝气量和光强条件下,反应符合零级动力学规律;不同初始浓度PEG-2000模拟废水的光电催化反应具有不同的反应级数,高浓度时,此光电催化体系符合零级反应动力学规律,低浓度时,光电催化氧化符合一级反应动力学规律。     

贫营养条件下2种MBR污泥微生物的菌群对比

为了揭示贫营养环境下MBR污泥微生物群落结构的演替和菌群变化的异同,取洗浴再生水、工业再生水MBR的污泥进行周期培养,利用PCR-DGGE和克隆测序技术获得了DNA指纹图谱并建立系统发育树。研究表明,微生物群落结构在贫营养条件下演替明显,洗浴水污泥微生物形成新的优势菌群(Uncultured Pseudomonas)而工业水只维持了原有的部分菌群(Uncultured Sphaerotilus)。2种污泥培养过程中种群多样性变化突出且差异显著。同时洗浴水污泥菌群相似性在培养第8天时发生突变而工业水总体变化平缓。克隆测序表明2种MBR污泥中既有与贫营养环境适生的共性种属又有与各自来源相对应的特性种属。菌群特异性与废水来源紧密相关,是造成2种污泥对贫营养环境适应能力不同的根本原因。     

高浓度氨氮废水同步硝化反硝化性能研究

利用序批式反应器研究了溶解氧浓度和进水碳氮比对高浓度氨氮废水脱氮性能的影响.结果表明,溶解氧浓度降低实现了短程同步硝化反硝化,并提高了反应器脱氮效率.反应器运行经历了外部碳源的摄取、PHB储存、PHB有氧氧化和同步硝化反硝化作用,PHB作为同步硝化反硝化过程中反硝化的电子供体.     

IC厌氧反应器处理垃圾渗滤液

在(35±1)℃条件下,采用IC厌氧反应器对天津大港垃圾焚烧厂垃圾渗滤液进行处理,研究了COD的去除效果、容积负荷、沼气产量和污泥的颗粒化,分析了循环比、上升流速对反应器的影响.结果表明,厌氧反应器经60 d的启动运行后,达到300 m3/d的设计水量,进水容积负荷达到17.7 kg COD/(m3·d),水力停留时间3.7d,COD去除率高于80％,出水挥发酸(VFA)低于l 500 mg/L,平均每去除1 kg COD产沼气0.42 m3,适宜的上升流速和循环比为2.0 ～5.0 m/h、8∶1 ～20∶1.启动结束后,厌氧消化污泥明显出现颗粒化,颗粒污泥的沉降速度达到了67.5 ～ 96.0 m/h,0.3～1.0 mm的颗粒污泥量占有74％.     

降解DMF引起污泥毒性及其毒性空间分布特性研究

以处理有毒难降解有机污染物N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)的序批式好氧活性污泥系统(SBR)为对象,在进水化学需氧量(COD)为300 mg.L-1左右,各初始DMF浓度(40、80、120 mg.L-1)驯化阶段皆为30 d,运行周期为12 h,溶解氧(DO)为2.0～3.0 mg.L-1的条件下,研究了DMF在水、泥相的分布及污泥有机毒性变化趋势;探讨了单个运行周期内,出水COD、水相和泥相DMF浓度及毒性随时间的变化趋势.研究表明,各DMF浓度运行阶段的污泥毒性都体现为先升高后降低的趋势,污泥毒性随初始DMF浓度的升高而升高,污泥有机毒性主要由DMF降解过程引起,且主要集中在内层胞外聚合物(EPS)以及胞内区域.