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11.
乙草胺和丁草胺的水解及其动力学 总被引:20,自引:1,他引:19
本文研究了乙草胺和丁草肢在恒温25℃,pH值为4,7,10蒸馏水和河水中的水解动力学.酰胺类除草剂的水解反应属于一级反应.结果显示乙草胺和丁草胺在蒸馏水和河水中的水解速度差不多,在pH 4水溶液中的水解速度较在pH7和10的速度快,H+有催化水解的作用.乙草胺在pH4,7,10的速率常数分别为5×l0-4d-1,3×10-4d-1,3×10-4d-1.半衰期分别为1386d,23l0d,2310d.丁草胺在pH4,7,10的速率常数分别为 l.1× 10-3d-1,6 × 10-4d-1,6 × 10-4d-1.半衰期分别为 630d,1155d,1155d. 相似文献
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Hua Fang Yun L. Yu Xiu G. Wang Xiao Q. Chu Xiao E. Yang 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(2):123-129
Effects of repeated applications of the herbicide butachlor (N-(butoxymethyl)-2-chloro -N-2′,6′-dimethyl acetanilide) in soil on its persistence and soil microbial functional diversity were investigated under laboratory conditions. The degradation half-lives of butachlor at the recommended dosage in soil were calculated to be 12.5, 4.5, and 3.2 days for the first, second, and third applications, respectively. Throughout this study, no significant inhibition of the Shannon-Wiener index H′ was observed. However, the Simpson index 1/D and McIntosh index U were significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) during the initial 3 days after the first application of butachlor, and thereafter gradually recovered to a similar level to that of the control soil. A similar variation but faster recovery in 1/D and U was observed after the second and third Butachlor applications. Therefore, repeated applications of butachlor led to more rapid degradation of the herbicide, and more rapid recovery of soil microorganisms. It is concluded that repeated butachlor applications in soil had a temporary or short-term inhibitory effect on soil microbial communities. 相似文献
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This paper reports the influences of the herbicide butachlor(n-butoxymethl-chloro-2‘,6‘-diethylacetnilide)on microbial respiration,nitrogen fixation and nitrification,and on the activities of dehydrogenase and hydrogen peroxidase in paddy soil.The results showed that after application of butachlor with concentrations of 5.5μg/g dried soil,11.0μg/g dried soil and 22.0μg/g dried soil,the application of butachlor enhanced the activity of dehydrogenase at increasing concentrations.The soil dehydrogenase showed the highest activity on the 16th day after application of 22.0μg/g dried soil of butachlor.The hydrogen peroxidase could be stimulated by cutachlor.The soil respiration was depressed within a period from several days to more than 20 days,depending on concentrations of butachlor applied.Both the nitrogen fixation and nitrification were stimulated in the beginning but reduced greatly afterwards in paddy soil. 相似文献
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典型土壤组分及其与丁草胺除草剂作用的红外光谱研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
运用红外光谱法对3种典型土壤(红壤、潮土和黑土)的矿物质、胡敏酸及其与丁草胺的吸附附着物进行了研究.结果表明,江西红壤为高岭石型矿物质,在3 703,3 628,1 089,1 035,914,696及471 cm-1处有特征吸收峰.北京潮土和黑龙江黑土为蒙脱土型矿物质,在1 432和872 cm-1处有特征吸收峰,而在3 703和3 628 cm-1处吸收较弱或微弱.不同土壤中胡敏酸的组成基本相同,均在3 420,2 935,2 847,1 724,1 660及1 035 cm-1处有明显吸收,表明其含有缔合羟基、芳烃、羰基、醇、酚及酸等.丁草胺与土壤胡敏酸的吸附机理主要是在胡敏酸的羰基及酚醇羟基上形成氢键. 相似文献
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为尝试以群体取代个体作为轮虫室内毒性试验目标物的可行性,本项研究以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)作为实验生物开展相关实验,建立生命表并确定接种密度对于种群生长率的影响,并且用3种农药(毒死蜱、丁草胺、三唑酮)开展了轮虫毒性试验。生命表实验结果表明,轮虫的平均寿命和世代周期分别为(78.76±33.08)h和(51.56±20.55)h。接种密度实验结果表明,随着接种密度的提高,轮虫种群增长率呈下降趋势。基于接种密度实验的结果,毒性试验以35个·(100 m L)-1作为受试种群的起始密度,试验周期定为144 h。毒性试验结果显示,毒死蜱对轮虫的96 h-EC50和120 h-EC50分别为0.6066 mg·L-1和0.7323mg·L-1;丁草胺对轮虫的96 h-EC50和120 h-EC50分别为1.851 mg·L-1和3.058 mg·L-1;三唑酮对轮虫的96 h-EC50和120 h-EC50分别为12.84 mg·L-1和11.63 mg·L-1。本项研究的结果肯定了以群体取代个体作为轮虫室内毒性试验目标物的可行性。 相似文献
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Jui-Hung Yen Yei-Shung Wang Wey-Shin Hsu Wen-Ching Chen 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(1):49-56
We investigated changes in population and taxonomic distribution of cultivable bacteria and diazotrophs with butachlor application in rice paddy soils. Population changes were measured by the traditional plate-count method, and taxonomic distribution was studied by 16S rDNA sequencing, then maximum parsimony phylogenic analysis with bootstrapping (1,000 replications). The bacterial population was higher after 39 than 7 days of rice cultivation, which indicated the augmentation of soil microbes by rice root exudates. The application of butachlor increased the diazotrophic population in both upper (0–3 cm) and lower (3–15 cm) layers of soils. Especially at day 39, the population of diazotrophs was 1.8 and 1.6 times that of the control in upper and lower layer soils, respectively. We found several bacterial strains only with butachlor application; examples are strains closest to Bacillus arsenicus, B. marisflavi, B. luciferensis, B. pumilus, and Pseudomonas alvei. Among diazotrophs, three strains closely related to Streptomyces sp. or Rhrizobium sp. were found only with butachlor application. The population of cultivable bacteria and the species composition were both changed with butachlor application, which explains in part the contribution of butachlor to augmenting soil nitrogen-fixing ability. 相似文献
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丁草胺对镉胁迫条件下水稻生长、镉积累及活性氧代谢的影响 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
以2个水稻品种(秀水110和秀水11)为材料,通过水培试验和土培试验研究了除草剂丁草胺对Cd2 胁迫条件下水稻植株生长、Cd2 积累和活性氧代谢的影响.研究结果表明.水培条件下,丁草胺浓度的增加显著地加剧了Cd2 胁迫条件下水稻生长抑制程度,进一步导致叶绿素含量显著下降,促进了2个品种水稻植株对Cd2 的吸收,引起水稻叶片的O-2产生速率、H202和MDA含量增加.且显著改变了SOD、CAT和G-POD活性;同条件下丁草胺浓度的增加使水稻叶片SOD/O-2、SOD/G-POD、SOD/CAT、CAT/H2O2和G-POD/H2O2的比值均发生了偏离;推测丁草胺加剧了水稻Cd2 胁迫时植株活性氧代谢不平衡过程.土培条件下,丁草胺对水稻糙米中Cd2 积累量也具有显著促进作用. 相似文献
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Tshering Pelden Chongdee Thammaknet Panote Thavarungkul 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(7):480-490
An innovative, cost-effective, simple, and environmental friendly tea bag filter paper protected micro-solid phase extraction (μ-SPE) technique was developed for the first time with the aim to miniaturize and minimize the use of organic solvents for the extraction and determination of butachlor in aqueous samples. The μ-SPE device was produced by packing 3.0 mg of an easily synthesized new sorbent, hydroxyl-functionalized polypyrrole (OH-PPY), inside a small tea bag filter paper sachet (1.0 cm × 0.5 cm) that served as a protective envelope. Both the extraction and desorption procedures were facilitated by sonication. Due to the high porosity and the fast water absorption of the tea bag filter paper, the analyte could easily diffuse through and enhance the interaction with the sorbent. Under the optimized conditions for the GC-ECD and the μ-SPE, the limit of detection (S/N ≥ 3) was 2.0 μg L?1 while the limit of quantitation (S/N ≥ 10) was 10.0 μg L?1. The recoveries of the butachlor spiked at 0.050, 0.10, and 0.50 μg mL?1 ranged from 77.9 ± 3.0 to 112.5 ± 2.9%. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of butachlor in water samples from paddy cultivation sites. The levels found were from non-detectable to 24.71 ± 0.37 μg L?1. 相似文献