Decomposition of 1,4-dioxane by vacuum ultraviolet irradiation: Study of economic feasibility and by-product formation

We report the first use of vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) treatment to decompose 1,4-dioxane, a persistent organic contaminant that is difficult to remove by conventional drinking water treatment processes. The efficiency of VUV treatment was compared to that of VUV- and UV-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) (VUV/TiO₂, VUV/H₂O₂, UV/TiO₂, and UV/H₂O₂), and by-product formation was investigated. VUV treatment decomposed 1,4-dioxane more rapidly than did UV and UV/TiO₂ treatments. The decomposition rate was enhanced when VUV irradiation was combined with TiO₂ or H₂O₂. VUV/H₂O₂ decomposed 1,4-dioxane more rapidly than UV/H₂O₂ at a low H₂O₂ dose (1 mg/L), but the rate difference became small at a high H₂O₂ dose (5 mg/L). Electrical energy per order analysis revealed that VUV treatment, and the VUV- and UV-based AOPs, were economically feasible for 1,4-dioxane decomposition. Using raw water samples, we investigated by-product formation during VUV treatment and the effect of VUV irradiation on chlorinated disinfection by-product formation potential. Although the samples contained high concentrations of bromide, no bromate was produced by VUV treatment. VUV treatment slightly decreased trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP), whereas haloacetic acid formation potential (HAAFP) was unchanged, and total aldehyde concentration increased. The trend in HAAFP agreed with that had been reported for the VUV irradiation with much higher dose (Buchanan et al., 2006), whereas the trend in THMFP was different from that with much higher dose. THMFP, HAAFP, and aldehyde concentration were reduced by subsequent treatment with granular activated carbon (GAC) or biological activated carbon (BAC). Nitrite was produced by VUV treatment but disappeared after subsequent BAC treatment. These results suggest that VUV treatment should be combined with GAC or BAC treatment to suppress by-product formation.     

金属有机骨架HKUST-1对水中微量氨基酸的吸附性能

采用溶剂热法制备金属有机骨架HKUST-1,选取水源水中检出率较高的酪氨酸（Tyr）、苯丙氨酸（Phe）和色氨酸（Trp）为目标物,开展了HKUST-1吸附微量氨基酸性能的研究.利用XRD和FTIR技术对吸附剂HKUST-1进行了表征和分析,通过吸附动力学、吸附等温线和吸附热力学的研究探讨HKUST-1吸附氨基酸的机理.结果表明,HKUST-1具有高结晶度,对酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸和色氨酸有较好的去除效果,饱和吸附容量分别可达248.65,143.67,140.09mg/g;吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型和Lagergren准二级动力学模型;吸附热力学结果表明,HKUST-1去除氨基酸的过程为吸热反应;高吸附容量主要归因于静电相互作用、氢键和π-π相互作用.     

用煤焦化洗油合成高效减水剂及性能分析

利用煤焦化洗油代替部分工业萘合成高效减水剂,研究煤焦化洗油合成高效减水剂的合成工艺,研究表明:磺化时间、磺化温度和缩合温度是影响产品性能的关键因素。合成过程中加入氧化剂(MO)可以减少尾气中SO2的排放,合成的洗油高效减水剂(NF30)与萘系减水剂(NF)相比,具有减水率高,早期强度高,成本较低的优点。     

碘代X射线造影剂的环境浓度、分析方法与毒性评估研究进展

碘代X射线造影剂(ICMs)是使用最广泛的血管内药物,近年来在水生环境中频繁检出.由于其高稳定性、高极性和持久性,ICMs会在水生环境中持续存在并且难以被降解.在水生环境中会与消毒剂、天然有机物结合生成具有毒性的消毒副产物(DBPs),由于其本身毒性以及转化产物DBPs的毒性增强了环境健康风险,进而引发了人们的密切关注.本文介绍了ICMs的环境浓度、分析方法以及毒性风险.重点描述了ICMs的前处理技术、检测方法及ICMs毒性评价现状,并展望了以后ICMs毒性的研究方向.     

Removal of humic acid using TiO2 photocatalytic process--fractionation and molecular weight characterisation studies

The photocatalytic removal of humic acid (HA) using TiO₂ under UVA irradiation was examined by monitoring changes in the UV₂₅₄ absorbance, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration, apparent molecular weight distribution, and trihalomethane formation potentials (THMFPs) over treatment time. A resin fractionation technique in which the samples were fractionated into four components: very hydrophobic acids (VHA), slightly hydrophobic acids, hydrophilic charged (CHA) and hydrophilic neutral (NEU) was also employed to elucidate the changes in the chemical nature of the HA components during treatment. The UVA/TiO₂ process was found to be effective in removing more than 80% DOC and 90% UV₂₅₄ absorbance. The THMFPs of samples were decreased to below 20 μg l⁻¹ after treatments, which demonstrate the potential to meet increasingly stringent regulatory level of trihalomethanes in water. Resin fractionation analysis showed that the VHA fraction was decreased considerably as a result of photocatalytic treatments, forming CHA intermediates which were further degraded with increased irradiation time. The NEU fraction, which comprised of non-UV-absorbing low molecular weight compounds, was found to be the most persistent component.     

我国钢铁企业二氧化碳排放结构探讨

根据钢铁行业碳素流和直接排放计算原理,利用温室气体排放分析模型对几家典型大型钢铁联合企业的CO2排放进行了计算,结合钢铁行业的能源消耗情况对钢铁企业的CO2排放结构进行了分析,提出我国钢铁企业CO2的控制重点在于燃料消耗,需从降低高炉燃料比、优化副产煤气尤其是高炉煤气的回收利用、控制烧结固体燃料消耗等几个方面采取措施。     

Urgently reveal longly hidden toxicant in a familiar fabrication process of biomass-derived environment carbon material

Biomass-derived N-doped carbon (BNC) is an important environmental material and widely used in the fields of water purification and soil remediation. However, the toxicant in the commonly used synthesis process of BNC materials have been largely ignored. Herein, we firstly report the presence of a highly toxic by-product (KCN) in the activation process of BNC materials consequential of the carbothermal reduction reaction. Because this carbothermal reduction reaction also regulates the N-doping and pore development of BNC materials, the KCN content directly relates with the properties of BNC material properties. Accordingly, a high KCN content (∽ 611 mg) can occur in the production process of per g BNC material with high specific surface area (∽ 3600 m²/g). Because the application performance of BNC material is determined by the surface area and available N doping, therefore, production of a BNC material with high performance entails high risk. Undoubtedly, this study proves a completely new risk recognition on a familiar synthesis process of biomass-based material. And, strict protective device should be taken in fabrication process of biomass-derived carbon material.     

南方某水源水中天然有机物的特点及氯胺对氯化消毒副产物的控制

在对天然有机物分类的基础上进行了水体中有机物的特性研究，并采用氯胺对不同特性有机物的氯化消毒副产物进行了控制研究。结果表明，疏水酸占有机物总量的24％，疏水中性物质占41％，疏水性有机物占67％；对于三卤甲烷类消毒副产物生成势，疏水酸所产生的最多，疏水碱次之，亲水酸最少；对于卤乙酸类消毒副产物生成势，疏水碱产生的三卤乙酸最多，其次为疏水酸，亲水酸最少。氯胺对不同类有机物氯化消毒副产物控制程度不同，氯胺对疏水中性物质控制三卤甲烷类消毒副产物最好，其次是疏水碱和亲水碱；对疏水酸的三卤甲烷生成量控制较弱，对亲水酸的控制效果最差；氯胺对亲水碱氯化产生卤乙酸的控制效果最好，其次是疏水碱，控制效果最差的为疏水中性物质。     

饮用水中卤代消毒副产物的产生和影响因素的研究

论述了卤代消毒副产物（三卤甲烷和卤代乙酸）对人体健康的危害，研究了投氯量、氯化时间、ｐＨ值和温度对它们的影响，提出了去除卤代消毒副产物的途径。     

综合利用农业副产物资源建立饲-能-环生态工程

我国人口增加、耕地减少的矛盾日益突出,而极为丰富的农业副产物资源又未很好利用。建立饲料-能源-环保生态工程,是综合利用农业副产物资源的巨大潜力、缓解人口土地矛盾的有效途径。饲-能-环生态工程是利用厌氧微生物降解、转化有机废弃物的特殊功能,通过人工瘤胃发酵技术、沼气技术和处理工业有机废水的环境工程技术综合利用农业副产物资源,产生饲料、能源和治理污染,达到经济效益、生态效益和社会效益的统一。