松藻矿区煤层气利用对温室气体减排的贡献

温室效应和全球变暖已经引起了世界各国的普遍关注,减少二氧化碳等温室气体的排放已成为大势所趋。开发和利用煤层气不仅可避免资源的浪费,还可减少温室气体排放、改善大气环境。本文结合重庆市松藻矿区蝶层气开发利用情况,分析评价了松藻矿区煤层气利用对温室气体减排的贡献。结果表明,煤层气利用具有显著的环境效益和经济效益。     

搅拌条件对两种染料混凝气浮去除效果的影响研究

实验以七水硫酸镁及硫酸铝钾为混凝剂,十二烷基硫酸钠为浮选剂,研究了搅拌条件对酸性大红3R、还原深蓝BO混凝气浮去除效果的影响。结果表明,当搅拌转速为100r／min、搅拌时间为10min时,混凝气浮对酸性大红3R的去除效果较好,吸光度去除率为67．33％,色度去除率为69．23％;当搅拌转速为50r／min、搅拌时间为10min时,混凝气浮对还原深蓝BO的去除效果较好,吸光度去除率为84．33％,色度去除率为99．70％。     

富砷地热废水排放的水环境效应——以西藏羊八井热田为例

西藏羊八井热田是我国目前唯一用于地热发电的高温热田,地热电厂产生的高砷废水直接排入了藏布曲(河)——热田内最主要的地表水体。通过地热废水、藏布曲(河)河水、羊八井河水和藏布曲南溪水的砷含量的对比,阐明了地热废水排放与其他水体汇入对藏布曲河水砷含量变化的影响。地热废水中的砷在排入藏布曲后受到了河水稀释作用与河床沉积物吸附作用的影响。计算了藏布曲不同河段内砷的综合衰减系数,并与河床沉积物对砷的吸附分配系数进行了对比,发现二者的拟合曲线符合指数关系。这表明随着河床沉积物吸附作用的加强,河水中砷的天然衰减将相应呈指数形式增加。     

Thermal effects of a sonic jet fire impingement on a pipe

Although the effects of jet fires are often limited to rather short distances, if their flames impinge on a pipe or a vessel collapse can occur in very short times. In such cases, the heat flux on the affected equipment is very high and wall temperature can increase very rapidly. This can happen in parallel pipelines, if a release occurs and impinges on another one. Nevertheless, jet fire impingement has been scarcely studied. In this communication the results obtained from an experimental set-up are presented. Sonic jet fires impinged on a pipe containing stagnant air or water. The temperatures of the flames impinging on it were measured for the worst case (flame front-bright zone), as well as the evolution with time of the pipe wall temperature at different locations. Initial temperature increases up to around twenty °C/s were registered for the air inside, with maximum values of up to 600 °C reached in 2.5 min, and 800 °C in approximately 9 min. In the case of pipe containing water, in the zone of the wall in contact with the liquid the heating rates were much lower, the maximum temperature reached being up to approximately 150 °C. From the temperatures of the jet flames and of the pipe, the heat fluxes reaching the pipe and the corresponding heat transfer coefficients were obtained. The results obtained emphasized that safe distances are essential in pipelines, together with fire proofing and other safety measures.     

基于压力与温度对损失瓦斯量影响试验研究*

为研究取芯管取芯过程中压力与温度对损失瓦斯量的影响,以及t法的偏差,利用自主研发的取芯管取芯过程模拟测试装置,基于模拟试验的相似性,开展不同加热功率下取芯过程模拟试验与室温（30 ℃）对比,以及变温条件下不同吸附压力取芯过程模拟试验。结果表明:前30 min煤芯瓦斯解吸曲线符合Qt=a+b/［1+(t/t0)c］。吸附压力一定时,取芯过程模拟测试的煤芯瓦斯解吸率均大于室温下的对比测试,3~16 min（退钻过程）温度对损失量的影响大于0~3 min（取芯过程）;随着加热功率的增加,煤芯瓦斯解吸量增大,煤芯损失瓦斯量的模拟值亦增大;t法推算值与模拟值的绝对误差随加热功率的增大而增大,相对误差在65.08%~70.79%;加热功率一定时,随着吸附压力的增加,煤芯瓦斯解吸量愈大,煤芯损失瓦斯量t法推算值增大,模拟值亦增大;t法推算值与模拟值的绝对误差随吸附压力的增大而增大,相对误差在68.21%~72.13%。     

考虑采空区压实效应的沿空掘巷煤柱设计方法研究*

为建立1种相对科学的沿空掘巷煤柱尺寸设计方法,采用理论与数值试验研究、现场试验等手段,基于采空区压实效应,分析各尺寸煤柱沿空掘巷掘采全过程围岩应力分布与变形。研究结果表明:采空区压实效应模拟研究方法能够模拟采空区应力恢复;掘巷过程中,煤柱内应力由小到大依次为:工作面倾向水平应力、工作面推进方向水平应力、垂直应力,在小尺寸煤柱内呈偏向采空区一侧的单峰分布,小尺寸煤柱逐渐向大尺寸煤柱过渡期间,内部应力量值开始比原岩应力小,随后逐渐增加至出现一定的应力集中,而实体煤帮中峰值应力不断降低,位置逐步向巷帮转移;受超前采动作用后,更大面积的煤柱会受高应力作用,大尺寸煤柱内垂直及水平应力集中系数逐步提高,工作面倾向的高应力区范围更广,当煤柱宽度不超过一定数值时,内部应力大小均低于掘巷过程中相应数值,大煤柱则具有相反的规律,实体煤帮中应力集中系数与掘巷时相比更大,峰值点向围岩深处进一步转移;研究结果通过工程实践检验,可为合理煤柱尺寸设计提供1种新的方法。     

温度作用下混凝土拼接桥梁拼接缝界面剪应力研究*

为探究拼宽混凝土桥梁在温度效应下连接缝位置产生的界面剪应力问题,考虑施工过程中现浇拼接缝混凝土各项参数的变化,以某高速公路拼接桥梁为研究对象,基于初等梁理论提出1种考虑纵向温度应力的拼宽桥梁界面剪应力力学模型。结果表明:拼接缝混凝土弹性模量的改变对拼接缝界面剪应力的数值和分布形态影响较小;新梁和旧梁的线膨胀系数差异越大拼接缝界面剪应力越大;研究得到不同拼宽宽度下拼宽桥界面局部剪切柔度修订值的变化规律,并拟合变化公式。     

混凝土箱梁水化热温度损伤安全评价模型研究

目前混凝土箱梁0#块在施工过程中出现水化热温度冲击和裂缝现象,严重影响混凝土箱梁结构早期强度的形成以及结构的安全性能.综合考虑混凝土水化热温度荷载和弹模的时变效应,给出时域损伤函数;根据变权分析原理,确定敏感损伤和累积损伤,建立混凝土水化热温度损伤安全评价模型;对混凝土箱梁0#块水化热温度损伤进行三维数值仿真,总结水化热温度损伤时变效应规律,对早期含水化热温度损伤参数的混凝土箱梁结构安全性能进行分析评价.结果表明:混凝土水化热反应速率、水化热温差峰值与损伤速率敏感度、累积损伤敏感度同步.温差峰值过大、水化热反应速率过快,敏感损伤度和累积损伤度增大,安全指标降低,易形成温冲,产生裂缝,导致整体破坏.通过时域损伤函数和安全评价模型可及时分析计算混凝土箱梁0#块的安全指标,指导混凝土箱梁0#块安全施工.     

Role of the reduction site in the fluorinated or sulfated TiO2 photocatalytic process

In this article,the effects of TiO_2 surface fluorination and sulfation,on the active oxygen species formed at the reduction site in the photocatalytic process,namely O_2~(?) and H_2O_2,were investigated from a new perspective.The superoxide radical,(O_2~(?)),was determined by colorimetry of nitroblue tetrazolium,a prominent O_2~(?) scavenger.Hydrogen peroxide (H_2O_2) was estimated by using the iodide-starch method.In the naked TiO_2 photocatalysis,O_2~(?) though less reactive,was a very important intermediate.When the TiO_2 surface was fluorinated,more O_2~(?) and H_2O_2 were produced,which indicated that the surface modification could greatly reduce the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes,thus enhancing the photocatalytic rate.In the sulfated system,photocatalysis proceeded with a more complicated mechanism.These results added support to the view of fluoride-induced enhancement and sulfide's nonappreciable inhibition effect.     

Pollutant loads of surface runo inWuhan City Zoo, an urban tourist area

The pollutant loads of surface runoff in an urban tourist area have been investigated for two years in the Wuhan City Zoo, China. Eight sampling sites, including two woodlands, three animal yards, two roofs and one road, were selected for sampling and study. The results indicate that pollutants ranked in a predictable order of decreasing load （e.g. animal yard〉roof〉woodland〉road）, with animal yards acting as the key pollution source in the zoo. Pollutants were transported mainly by particulate form in runoff. Particulate nitrogen and particulate phosphorous accounted on average for 61%, 78% of total pollutant, respectively, over 13 monitored rainfall events. These results indicate the treatment practices should be implemented to improve particulate nutrient removal. Analysis of the M（V） curve indicate that no first flush effect existed in the surface runoff from pervious areas （e.g. woodland, animal ground yard）, whereas a first flush effect was evident in runoff from impervious surfaces （e.g. animal cement yard, roof, road）.