丝孢酵母TX1及其固定化降解苯酚特性研究

为研究固定化技术在含酚废水治理中的应用,以聚乙烯醇(PVA)为载体将高效降酚菌株丝孢酵母TX1包埋处理得到胶珠颗粒,在分批培养反应器内分别研究游离体系和固定化体系中溶液p H值、培养温度和苯酚初始质量浓度对TX1降解苯酚效果的影响。结果表明,在游离细胞体系TX1对苯酚降解最佳培养条件为温度30℃,p H=7. 0;而固定化体系中的TX1对苯酚降解的最佳条件为温度30℃,p H=6. 5。在偏酸性条件下,游离细胞体系中TX1对苯酚降解效果比固定化体系差,在25～40℃时后者对苯酚的降解能保持50%以上,表明固定化技术有利于提高微生物的耐受温度。两个体系在降解苯酚过程中均受到底物抑制:在低质量浓度时(≤1 000 mg/L),游离细胞降解速率高于固定化细胞,但当苯酚质量浓度高达3 000 mg/L时,固定化体系中TX1对苯酚比降解速率为0. 088 h-1,远高于前者,表明固定化技术有利于实际高浓度废水的处理。此外,利用高效液相色谱和气相色谱-质谱检测苯酚降解中间产物,只在固定化体系中检测到中间产物为邻苯二酚和顺,顺-黏糠酸。该结果表明,降解过程中固定化体系发生的扩散阻力延迟了体系的降解反应,有利于发现中间体,使固定化技术有望成为新的检测中间体的方法。     

EFFECTS OF SIMULATED CANOPY COVER AND ANIMAL DISTURBANCES ON RILL AND INTERRILL EROSION1

ABSTRACT: A rainfall simulator was used on runoff plots to study the effects of simulated canopy cover, trampling disturbance, and soil type on nil and interrill erosion. Sandy loam soil was more erodible than clay loam soil. Furthermore, the simulated canopy cover signffi-Soilfactorsrelatedtonil cantly influenced nil and interrill erosion. The effect of trampling on rill and interrill erosion varied with soil type (clay loam versus sandy loam) and erosion type (nh versus interrill erosion). On large plots, where both nil and internill erosion were involved, 30 percent trampling significantly increased soil loss. However, on small plots, 30 percent trampling significantly reduced interrill erosion.     

A PARAMETRIC MODEL CALIBRATED WITH A PHYSICALLY BASED MODEL FOR RUNOFF PREDICTION FROM UNGAGED STREAMS1

ABSTRACT: Recent developments in the numerical solution of the governing partial differential equations for overland and channel flow should make possible physically based models which predict runoff from ungaged streams. However, these models, which represent the watershed by sets of intersecting planes, are complex and require much computer time. Parametric models exist that have the advantage of being relatively simple, and once calibrated are inexpensive to use and require limited data input. In this study, a procedure was developed for calibrating a parametric model against a physically based model, utilizing base areas of one acre and one square mile, with the expectation that base areas can be combined to model real watersheds. Simulation experiments with the physically based model showed that, for the one-acre base area, the dominant parameter (cell storage ratio, K) related to the slope and friction of the planes, whereas for one square-mile areas, the dominant parameters (K plus a lag factor, L) relate to channel properties. These parameters decreased exponentially as rainfall intensity increased.     

INFLUENCE OF VEGETATION,ROCK COVER,AND TRAMPLING ON INFILTRATION RATES AND SEDIMENT PRODUCTION1

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the impact of selected soil surface characteristics on infiltration rates and sediment production from interrill erosion from loam soil. Treatments were two different grass species (crested wheatgrass and intermediate wheatgrass), three levels of grass cover (30, 50, and 80 percent), four levels of rock cover (5, 10, 15, and 20 percent), and six levels of simulated trampling (10 to 60 percent of the respective plot area by 10 percent increments). Results indicated that plots with sod forming grass infiltrated only slightly more water than plots with bunchgrass, though the differences were significant. Trampling reduced infiltration rates significantly. On uncompacted soil, infiltration rates increased as percentage of rock cover increased. Trampling gradually destroyed this relationship however. Rock cover did not significantly affect sediment production. The tradeoff between vegetal cover and rock cover was affected by simulated trampling. Once trampling disturbance reached 20 percent, no relationship between vegetal cover and rock cover existed. Trampling was the most important factor influencing infiltration rates, explaining 35 to 48 percent of the variation in infiltration rates. The most important factor influencing sediment production was grass cover, which explained 40 to 62 percent of the variations associated with sediment yield at various trampling percentages. Results strongly suggest that, for slopes and soils as used here, adequate watershed protection may be obtained by maintaining 50 percent protective ground cover. Additional validation studies are recommended.     

环境内分泌干扰物诱发小鼠睾丸细胞DNA损伤的研究

应用单细胞凝胶电泳技术技术，研究了烷基酚类化合物对离体小鼠睾丸细胞DNA的损伤作用。实验结果表明，9种烷基酚类化合物对小鼠睾丸细胞均能引起不同程度的DNA损伤，并呈现剂量效应关系，其高剂量组与对照组相比，均有极显著性差异（P＜0．01）。实验结果亦表明，其DNA的损伤程序与化学结构有一定的关系。     

固定化细胞技术应用于废水处理的研究进展

详细介绍了固定化细胞技术，综述了近年来固定化细胞的制备方法、载体的特性、固定化细胞的反应特性，及固定化技术在废水处理中的应用现状和情景，并指出了今后的研究方向。     

Bisexually bonded ranging in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus)

Abstact While male mammals seek to maximize access to potential mates, females maximize feeding efficiency. Ranging patterns are therefore often sex specific. Sex-specific ranging patterns have also been reported for East African chimpanzees and a recent study on female ranging patterns concludes that social organization is best described by a male-bonded community model, where females occupy individual home ranges that are distributed within the boundaries of the male-defended range. In West African chimpanzees, however, such sex-specific ranging patterns have not been consistently observed and a bisexually bonded community model, where both sexes use the entire home range equally, has been suggested to best describe social organization. In this study we analyze 5 years of data on individual ranging patterns of chimpanzees in the Taï National Park (Côte dIvoire) to test specific predictions of the different models of chimpanzee social organization. We found that although males in Taï had slightly larger home ranges than females, all individual home ranges and core areas overlapped highly. Small individual home range size differences were entirely due to the use of peripheral areas and were correlated with female social dominance. These findings strongly support the bisexually bonded community model for Taï chimpanzees. Thus, we conclude that there are fundamental differences in the space-use patterns of East and West African chimpanzees and discuss possible factors leading to such differences.Communicated by D. Watts     

优势菌种活细胞对天然水体中Pb^2＋和Cd^2＋的吸附

通过对天然水环境———伊通河中优势菌种活细胞吸附Pb2 、Cd2 的研究发现 :pH对Pb2 、Cd2 吸附的影响是不同的 ,对Pb2 的吸附量在 pH =5 .0～ 7.0时变化不大 ,对Cd2 的吸附量在 pH =6 .0～ 8.0时变化不大 ;温度对活细胞吸附Pb2 、Cd2 影响明显不同 ;活细胞对Pb2 、Cd2 的吸附量随着细菌密度的增加而增大 ,随着渗透压的增大而降低 .图 5表 1参 8     

谷氨酰胺对鲑鱼胚胎(CHSE)细胞生长和代谢的影响

鉴于鱼类和哺乳动物的谷氨酰胺代谢途径有所不同，为了优化CHSE细胞的培养基和大量培养的过程控制。考察了谷氨酰胺对CHSE细胞生长和代谢的影响．在CHSE细胞批培养中，无谷氨酰胺的M199培养基可以支持CHSE细胞的生长，当初始谷氨酰胺浓度c=0．54mmolL^-1时，细胞可达到最高密度nmax／10^5mL^-1=16．19；而更高浓度的谷氨酰胺(c：1．76-5．62mmolL^-1)对细胞生长有抑制作用．在c=0～5．62mmolL^-1初始谷氨酰胺浓度的批培养中，葡萄糖的利用和乳酸的生成基本一致，随谷氨酰胺浓度的升高，Qglc和Qlac增加，Yn/glc降低．另外，随着初始谷氨酰胺浓度的增加(c=0～3．33mmolL^-1)，谷氨酰胺的消耗增加，Yn/gln和Yammo／gln分别下降58％和50％；当初始谷氨酰胺浓度继续增加时，谷氨酰胺的消耗、Yn/gla和Yammo/gln基本不变．此外，当初始谷氨酰胺浓度为0时，丙氨酸成为消耗性的氨基酸；Yala/gln先随初始谷氨酰胺浓度的增加(c=0．54～1．76mmolL^-1)而增加，而后又随初始谷氨酰胺浓度的增加(c=1．76～3．33mmolL^-1)而降低．最后维持不变．图4表3参16     

脆江蓠凝集素的部分性质及细胞凝集作用

脆江蓠藻体的磷酸盐缓冲液浸提液 ,经硫酸铵分级沉淀 ,再经DEAE -Sepharose和SephadexG 10 0层析纯化 ,得到脆江蓠凝集素 (GBL) .经测定该凝集素是一种分子量为 33.1× 10 3 ～ 33.8× 10 3 的糖蛋白 ,分子中含有 11%的中性糖 ,具有很高的耐热性 .GBL的凝血活性可被某些单糖或双糖及卵粘蛋白抑制 ,当浓度为 2 .34 μg/mL时引起兔红细胞凝集 ,浓度为 18.75 μg/mL时凝集绵羊红细胞 ,但对鸡、鸭、鸽子红细胞及人A、O、或B型血细胞没有凝集作用 .GBL能够凝集两种单细胞藻类 ,当浓度为 18.75 μg/mL时能凝集盐生杜氏藻 ,但藻细胞密度减少到 18.3× 10 4 /mL时不能发生凝集作用 ;GBL浓度为 9.37μg/mL时引起蛋白核小球藻凝集 ,但当藻细胞密度减少到 2 8.9× 10 4 /mL也不产生凝集反应 .GBL还能够凝集正常的枯草芽孢杆菌和经过热处理的酿酒酵母细胞 .图 3表 6参 14