异噻唑啉酮类化合物对三角褐指藻的抑制效应

研究了不同浓度异噻唑啉酮类化合物BIT(1,2-苯并异噻唑啉-3-酮)及其类似物X(N-丙酰基-1,2-苯并异噻唑啉酮-3-酮)对三角褐指藻生长的抑制效应.根据藻细胞生长、比生长速率、藻细胞密度比、藻细胞内色素含量变化结果表明,在实验所设定的浓度(0~3mg/L)范围内,BIT和X在高浓度下对三角褐指藻生长均具有一定的抑制效应,增加细胞生长的延滞期,但在低浓度下不明显,BIT的抑制效应优于X,但BIT和X的这种抑制作用均会随着处理时间的延长而减弱,藻细胞逐渐恢复快速增殖.根据Logistic曲线方程拟合获得的BIT和X对藻的96h半效应质量浓度(EC50)分别为1.95mg/L(R2=0.988, P=0.0013)和3.26mg/L(R2=0.908, P=0.0279),EC50值的大小进一步说明BIT比X对三角褐指藻的抑制作用强.     

RUNOFF AND EROSION RESPONSE OF SIMULATED WASTE BURIAL COVERS IN A SEMI-ARID ENVIRONMENT1

ABSTRACT: Control of runoff (reducing infiltration) and erosion at shallow land burials is necessary in order to assure environmentally safe disposal of low-level radioactive-waste and other waste products. This study evaluated the runoff and erosion response of two perennial grass species on simulated waste burial covers at Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). Rainfall simulations were applied to three plots covered by crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum(Fischer ex Link) Shultes], three plots covered by streambank wheatgrass [Elymus lanceolatus(Scribner and Smith) Gould spp. lanceolaus], and one bare plot. Average total runoff for rainfall simulations in 1987, 1989, and 1990 was 42 percent greater on streambank wheatgrass plots than on crested wheatgrass plots. Average total soil loss for rainfall simulations in 1987 and 1990 was 105 percent greater on streambank wheatgrass plots than on crested wheatgrass plots. Total runoff and soil loss from natural rainfall and snowmelt events during 1987 were 25 and 105 percent greater, respectively, on streambank wheatgrass plots than on crested wheatgrass plots. Thus, crested wheatgrass appears to be better suited in revegetation of waste burial covers at INEEL than streambank wheatgrass due to its much lower erosion rate and only slightly higher infiltration rate (lower runoff rate).     

甘薯细胞悬浮培养的建立及其生长研究

由甘薯叶片诱导出愈伤组织,并由此建立起悬浮培养细胞系．分析其生长表明：南薯８８和８１２９４两种细胞系生长曲线均呈“Ｓ”型,其中南薯８８生长较快,是８１２９４的３倍以上,１０ｄ培养物的鲜重是初始鲜重的１０倍．培养条件研究结果表明：南薯８８细胞悬浮培养的最佳２,４Ｄ质量浓度为１．０ｍｇＬ－１,最佳蔗糖质量浓度为３０ｇＬ－１,椰乳和酵母汁能明显促进其生长;对于８１２９４,２,４Ｄ最佳质量浓度为２．５ｍｇＬ－１、蔗糖最佳质量浓度１５ｇＬ－１,酵母汁可促进其生长,但椰乳却无效;谷氨酰胺、色氨酸和脯氨酸不能促进甘薯悬浮细胞的生长,水解酪蛋白对其生长的促进作用亦不大;葡萄糖则抑制其生长     

Promotive Effect of Glutathione on the Formation of DNA-Protein Crosslinks Induced by Formaldehyde in vitro and in vivo

研究发现,在环境水平的甲醛染毒之后,动物体内的谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量会发生显著减少,并呈现剂量-效应关系.值得思索的是,GSH的减少对甲醛所致的遗传毒性指标DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)没有明显的保护作用.为了深入探讨GSH与甲醛的联合作用,进行了体外和体内两项实验.体外实验以Hela细胞为实验材料,实验组分为4组:对照组、250μMGSH组、250μM甲醛组、250μM甲醛和250μMGSH联合作用组;体内实验以昆明小鼠为实验材料,采用腹腔注射方法连续染毒两周.实验组分为4组:对照组、1mMGSH组、1mM甲醛组、1mM甲醛和1mM GSH联合作用组.体外实验与体内实验结果表明,单独GSH染毒组所致DPC与试剂对照组之间没有统计学差异(p>0.05;p>0.05),甲醛染毒组所致DPC显著高于对照组(p<0.01;p<0.05),联合作用组所致DPC不但显著高于试剂对照组(p<0.01;p<0.01)而且还显著高于甲醛染毒组(p<0.05;p<0.01).结果提示,GSH单独作用不能诱导DPC形成,但是GSH对甲醛所致的DPC具有促进作用.同时论文对这种协同作用的发生机制进行了讨论,作者认为GSH与甲醛的协同作用,和GSH与一氧化氮的协同作用的分子机制类似。     

Estimated home ranges can misrepresent habitat relationships on patchy landscapes

Home ranges of animals are generally structured by the selective use of resource-bearing patches that comprise habitat. Based on this concept, home ranges of animals estimated from location data are commonly used to infer habitat relationships. Because home ranges estimated from animal locations are largely continuous in space, the resource-bearing patches selected by an animal from a fragmented distribution of patches would be difficult to discern; unselected patches included in the home range estimate would bias an understanding of important habitat relationships. To evaluate potential for this bias, we generated simulated home ranges based on optimal selection of resource-bearing patches across a series of simulated resource distributions that varied in the spatial continuity of resources. For simulated home ranges where selected patches were spatially disjunct, we included interstitial, unselected cells most likely to be traveled by an animal moving among selected patches. We compared characteristics of the simulated home ranges with and without interstitial patches to evaluate how insights derived from field estimates can differ from actual characteristics of home ranges, depending on patchiness of landscapes. Our results showed that contiguous home range estimates could lead to misleading insights on the quality, size, resource content, and efficiency of home ranges, proportional to the spatial discontinuity of resource-bearing patches. We conclude the potential bias of including unselected, largely irrelevant patches in the field estimates of home ranges of animals can be high, particularly for home range estimators that assume uniform use of space within home range boundaries. Thus, inferences about the habitat relationships that ultimately define an animal's home range can be misleading where animals occupy landscapes with patchily distributed resources.     

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯（DEHP）对金鲫鱼脑细胞DNA的损伤

为了研究邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)对金鲫鱼(Carassius auratu)脑细胞DNA的损伤作用,采用不同浓度的DEHP溶液(0、25、50、100、200mg·L-1)对体外培养脑细胞进行染毒,应用单细胞凝胶电泳(彗星实验)检测脑细胞DNA的损伤效应.结果表明,染毒1.5h后,与对照组相比,DEHP各染毒组细胞尾部DNA百分率(Tail DNA%)和尾矩(Tail Moment)均显著升高(p<0.01),即DEHP染毒引起了脑细胞DNA的严重断裂;随着DEHP浓度的增加,DNA损伤程度加剧,细胞尾部DNA百分率及尾距与DEHP染毒浓度呈明显的剂量-效应关系.以上结果表明,DEHP可导致金鲫鱼脑细胞DNA损伤。     

A mini-microbial fuel cell for voltage testing of exoelectrogenic bacteria

Current methods for testing the electricity generation capacity of isolates are time- and labor-consuming. This paper presents a rapid voltage testing system of exoelectrogenic bacteria called Quickscreen, which is based on a microliter microbial fuel cell (MFC). Geobacter sulfurreducens and Shewanella baltica were used as the model exoelectrogenic bacteria; Escherichia coli that cannot generate electricity was used as a negative control. It was found that the electricity generation capacity of the isolates could be determined within about five hours by using Quickscreen, and that its time was relatively rapid compared with the time needed by using larger MFCs. A parallel, stable, and low background voltage was achieved using titanium as a current collector in the blank run. The external resistance had little impact on the blank run during the initial period. The cathode with a five-hole configuration, used to hydrate the carbon cathode, gave higher cathode potential than that with a one-hole configuration. Steady discharge and current interrupt methods showed that the anode mostly contributed to the large internal resistance of the Quickscreen system. However, the addition of graphite felt decreased the resistance from 18 to 5 kΩ. This device was proved to be useful to rapidly evaluate the electricity generation capacity of different bacteria.     

海洋赤潮藻球形棕囊藻在氮磷富营养下的细胞增殖

利用常见海洋赤潮微藻球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)为试验研究材料,以舵海洋微藻营养液为对照(1P1N:磷质量浓度为5×10-3g·L-1.氮质量浓度为75×10-3g·L-1),设置3组富磷和富氮营养处理(3P1N:磷质量浓度为15×10-3 g·L-1,氮质量浓度为75×10-3 g·L-1;1P3N:磷质量浓度为5××10-3 g·L-1,氮质量浓度为225×10-3 g·L-1;3P3N:磷质量浓度为15××10-3 g·L-1,氮质量浓度为225×10-3 g·L-1),利用细胞记数和叶绿素荧光测定等方法研究了藻细胞在不同富磷和富氮条件的增殖情况.结果显示,不同浓度磷和氮营养下的藻体荧光值变化在试验周期内均呈现"S"型曲线,表明藻细胞的生长经历缓慢期,快速期和平缓期3个阶段;同时,不同的富磷和富氮营养条件对球形棕囊藻的叶绿素荧光值有一定的影响,其中在对照1P1N下的藻体荧光值最低,在试验结束时(第10天)只有850 μg·L-1,而在3P1N,1P3N和3P3N条件下的藻体荧光值均达到900 μg·L-1以上,显著高于1P1N下的藻体荧光值,表明富磷和富氮营养可以促进藻细胞的生长增殖,但在试验设置的不同富磷和富氮营养下的藻体荧光值之间没有显著的差异.就不同磷和氮营养条件下的藻最大比生长速率而言,3P3N和3P1N条件下的最大,均达到0.77 d-1,明显高于1P1N和1P3N条件下的藻最大比生长速率(分别只有0.70 d-1和0.69 d-1).此外,试验结束时细胞密度的变化趋势与藻体荧光值相似,富磷和富氮营养条件下的细胞密度显著高于1P1N下的细胞密度,而富磷和富氮营养条件下的细胞密度间也不存在显著的差异.研究结果揭示,水体中的高磷和高氮营养浓度是导致藻细胞大量快速增殖的一个主要因素,而利用叶绿素荧光来测定藻细胞增殖是一种快速、简便,灵敏和可靠的方法,可在今后赤潮监测过程中多加利用,以能及时、准确地预测预报赤潮爆发.从而减少其对环境和经济的影响.     

Studies on Formation of Liquid and Gaseous Formaldehyde-Induced DNA-Protein Crosslinks in Rat Marrow Cells

甲醛是一种遗传毒物,流行病学研究表明甲醛可能具有诱导白血病的作用,然而甲醛诱导白血病的机制目前还不清楚. 以不同浓度液态和气态甲醛对大鼠骨髓细胞进行染毒,采用KCl-SDS 法检测了骨髓细胞 DNA-蛋白质交联程度,并采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术(彗星实验)检测了骨髓细胞 DNA 链断裂程度. 研究结果表明:与对照组相比,低浓度甲醛(液态甲醛浓度为:5μmol·L-1和25μmol·L-1;气态甲醛浓度为:0.5mg·m-3 和 1.0mg·m-3)可以引起 DNA断裂水平显著增高 (p<0.01);而高浓度甲醛 (液态甲醛浓度为:125μmol·L-1 和 625μmol·L-1;气态甲醛浓度为:3.0mg·m-3)则可以引起 DNA-蛋白质交联水平显著增高(p<0.01; p<0.05). 研究结果提示:甲醛染毒可以导致大鼠骨髓细胞DNA的损伤,暗示甲醛诱导白血病具有高度的可能性.     

污泥厌氧发酵液燃料电池的性能及电子供体分析

采用剩余污泥厌氧发酵液为阳极燃料、铁氰化钾溶液为阴极电子受体,成功启动了双室微生物燃料电池(MFC).考察了厌氧发酵过程中剩余污泥上清液中各种挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)含量的变化,研究分析了污泥厌氧发酵液燃料电池的产电过程、燃料消耗及电子供体. 结果表明,污泥厌氧发酵液中乙酸含量最高(约占总VFAs的50%),异戊酸和丙酸含量次之(分别约占总VFAs的18%及15%),正丁酸和异丁酸含量较少(均低于总VFAs的10%),正戊酸含量最低(低于总VFAs的1%);MFC实现了250h稳定电压输出(0.65±0.05V),库伦效率为9.09%;阳极总化学需氧量(TCOD)、溶解性化学需氧量(SCOD)、VFAs均呈现整体下降趋势, TCOD和SCOD的去除率分别为74.9%和86.4%; VFAs的完全消耗伴随着反应器产电性能迅速变差,表明VFAs是主要电子供体;在MFC产电过程中, VFAs的消耗与产生同时存在,消耗总体快于产生;各种VFAs消耗快慢依次为:乙酸>正丁酸>丙酸>正戊酸>异戊酸>异丁酸.