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利用臭氧(O3)-陶瓷膜过滤(CMF)处理常规工艺出水,研究了不同O3-CMF耦合方式对膜性能和消毒副产物(DBPs)的影响.结果表明,与单独CMF相比,异位O3-CMF和原位O3-CMF均可以有效缓解膜污染,原位O3-CMF控制效果最佳.异位O3-CMF对进水(常规工艺出水) DOC去除率(26.25%)略高于原位O3-CMF(22.31%),但是其SUVA去除率(83.91%)明显低于原位O3-CMF(93.10%).羟基自由基(·OH)生成特征表明原位O3-CMF可促进O3产生更多的·OH.在O3、·OH氧化和陶瓷膜截留协同作用下,异位O3-CMF和原位O3-CMF出水中总荧光响应强度和相对分子质量大于0.3×103,有机物含量降低,进而使得出水中含碳消毒副产物(C-DBPs)生成量分别降低了21.86%和32.35%,含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)生成量分别降低了16.16%和19.13%.但O3和·OH氧化后生成的小分子有机物因难以被CM截留导致其在出水中含量增加,进而增加了卤代酮(HKs)、水合氯醛(CH)和三卤硝基甲烷(THNMs)的产生.本研究对于不同O3-CMF方式下O3与CM的协同机制的探讨,改善膜性能和提升DBPs前体物的去除具有一定指导意义. 相似文献
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蜂窝陶瓷催化臭氧化降解水中微量硝基苯的动力学研究 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
实验表明单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化在温度20℃、初始pH值6.87条件下对硝基苯的降解均遵循一级反应动力学模型,该条件下单独臭氧氧化和臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化工艺对硝基苯的降解主要来源于高活性羟基自由基的氧化作用,同时证明了不同体系温度(10~40℃)和溶液初始pH值(3.00~10.96)下硝基苯的降解同样符合一级反应动力学.2种工艺对硝基苯的降解反应速率都随着温度的升高而增加,单独臭氧氧化的反应速率常数由0.37×10-3 s-1升高到1.49×10-3 s-1,臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化的反应速率常数由0.56×10-3 s-1升高到2.46×10-3 s-1,温度越高反应速率提高的幅度却越小.随着pH的升高,单独臭氧氧化对硝基苯降解的反应速率常数从0.15×10-3 s-1增加到2.69×10-3 s-1,在pH值3.00~9.23范围内,臭氧/蜂窝陶瓷氧化工艺反应速率常数从0.17×10-3 s-1增加到1.90×10-3 s-1,在pH为10.96时反应速率常数下降到1.64×10-3 s-1. 相似文献
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Characterization of biological responses under different environmental conditions: A hierarchical modeling approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A natural river system is organized as a nested hierarchy of interconnected habitats with specific environmental conditions to which the biological community has adapted. Due to this hierarchical structure, identifying the role of different stressors on the biological community is a formidable task. Efforts trying to link stressors to biological integrity have always been bound to the geographic scale of the selected study area, leading to scale-specific results. In this research, an attempt is made to lift this limitation and develop a hierarchical, scale-sensitive methodology that can identify the significant environmental stressors to the biological community at different scales. Sites with similar background environmental conditions are clustered using self-organizing maps (SOM). This is used to identify stressors which affect the biological community throughout the area of study - called environmental gradients or large-scale stressors. Subsequently, these clusters of similar observations (sampling sites) are progressively sub-divided using environmental variables with a significant but localized effect on the biological community - called small-scale stressors. A parent group of sites is split only when the resulting sub-groups have significantly different biological responses. At the end of this recursive sites decomposition procedure, the original set of observations is organized as a tree of environmentally homogeneous groups of observations characterized by unique biological responses to multiple stressors with different geographic extents. The developed hierarchical analysis methodology has been validated using a large-size dataset of environmental observations from the State of Ohio. Our results show that habitat degradation and increased nutrient loading are the large-scale stressors with a widespread impact in Ohio. Other stressors, such as heavy metals, pH or nitrate concentrations have significant albeit localized effects on biological integrity. 相似文献
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目的探究三种电源模式对ADC12高硅铝合金微弧氧化膜层性能的影响,从中选择对其微弧氧化膜层性能较优的电源模式。方法在三种不同电源模式(交流电源、单极性脉冲电源和双极性脉冲电源)的条件下,应用微弧氧化(MAO)技术在ADC12高硅铝合金表面制备了陶瓷膜层,并采用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、显微硬度计、摩擦磨损试验机等手段表征ADC12铝合金微弧氧化膜层的显微组织与性能。结果三种电源模式下微弧氧化膜层中都存在α-Al_2O_3、γ-Al_2O_3和Al9Si等物相;双脉冲模式下制备的微弧氧化膜层的致密性最好,厚度为15μm,硬度达到719 HV,摩擦系数为1.2左右,膜层与基体开始脱落的载荷为25.8 N。交流模式下制备的微弧氧化膜层膜厚较低,厚度为9μm,硬度达到698 HV,摩擦系数为1.35左右,膜层与基体开始脱落的载荷为19.5 N。单极性模式下制备的微弧氧化膜层厚度为17μm,但硬度为706 HV,摩擦系数为1.35左右,膜层与基体开始脱落的载荷为13.09 N。结论通过三种电源模式的比较,ADC12高硅铝合金在双极性脉冲电源模式下制得膜层的综合性能较好。 相似文献
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Two hybrid processes including ozonation-ceramic membrane-biological activated carbon (BAC) (Process A) and ceramic membrane-BAC (Process B) were compared to treat polluted raw water. The performance of hybrid processes was evaluated with the removal efficiencies of turbidity, ammonia and organic matter. The results indicated that more than 99% of particle count was removed by both hybrid processes and ozonation had no significant effect on its removal. BAC filtration greatly improved the removal of ammonia. Increasing the dissolved oxygen to 30.0 mg/L could lead to a removal of ammonia with concentrations as high as 7.80 mg/L and 8.69 mg/L for Processes A and B, respectively. The average removal efficiencies of total organic carbon and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV254, a parameter indicating organic matter with aromatic structure) were 49% and 52% for Process A, 51% and 48% for Process B, respectively. Some organic matter was oxidized by ozone and this resulted in reduced membrane fouling and increased membrane flux by 25%-30%. However, pre-ozonation altered the components of the raw water and affected the microorganisms in the BAC, which may impact the removals of organic matter and nitrite negatively. 相似文献