A multiscale hierarchical Markov transition matrix model for generating and analyzing thematic raster maps

A model is described for generating hierarchically scaled spatial pattern as represented in a thematic raster map. The model involves a series of Markov transition matrices, one for each level in the scaling hierarchy. In full generality, the model allows the transition matrices to be different at each level, potentially making available a large number of parameters for landscape characterization. The model is self-similar when the transition matrices are all equal. A method is presented for fitting the model to data that take the form of a single-resolution thematic raster map. Explicit analytic solutions are obtained for the fitted parameters. The fitting method is based on a relationship between the hierarchical transitions in the model and spatial transitions at varying distance scales in the data map, a categorical analogy of the geostatistical variogram.     

淀粉/凹凸棒粘土复合吸附絮凝材料的研究

采用接枝聚合法在硅烷化凹凸棒粘土(OATP)表面接枝淀粉,制备淀粉/凹凸棒粘土(ATP)复合吸附絮凝材料.采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对淀粉/ATP进行了表征,并对其制备条件进行了优化.结果表明,当淀粉质量分数(相对OATP质量)为100%,聚合反应时间为3 h,引发剂质量分数为0.003%,反应温度为60℃时,制备的淀粉/ATP对镉离子的最大吸附容量可达到36.78 mg/g.与ATP、OATP相比,淀粉/ATP对镉离子的吸附容量增大了2倍以上.复合材料具有比OATP更强的捕获能力,所形成的絮凝体大而密实,比淀粉絮凝剂具有更好的沉降性能.     

INTEGRATING LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT AND HYDROLOGIC MODELING FOR LAND COVER CHANGE ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: Significant land cover changes have occurred in the watersheds that contribute runoff to the upper San Pedro River in Sonora, Mexico, and southeast Arizona. These changes, observed using a series of remotely sensed images taken in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, have been implicated in the alteration of the basin hydrologic response. The Cannonsville subwatershed, located in the Catskill/Delaware watershed complex that delivers water to New York City, provides a contrast in land cover change. In this region, the Cannonsville watershed condition has improved over a comparable time period. A landscape assessment tool using a geographic information system (GIS) has been developed that automates the parameterization of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and KINEmatic Runoff and EROSion (KINEROS) hydrologic models. The Automated Geospatial Watershed Assessment (AGWA) tool was used to prepare parameter input files for the Upper San Pedro Basin, a subwatershed within the San Pedro undergoing significant changes, and the Cannonsville watershed using historical land cover data. Runoff and sediment yield were simulated using these models. In the Cannonsville watershed, land cover change had a beneficial impact on modeled watershed response due to the transition from agriculture to forest land cover. Simulation results for the San Pedro indicate that increasing urban and agricultural areas and the simultaneous invasion of woody plants and decline of grasslands resulted in increased annual and event runoff volumes, flashier flood response, and decreased water quality due to sediment loading. These results demonstrate the usefulness of integrating remote sensing and distributed hydrologic models through the use of GIS for assessing watershed condition and the relative impacts of land cover transitions on hydrologic response.     

Preparation and characterization of mixed hydroxy-Fe-Al pillared montmorillonite with large basal spacing

IntroductionMontmorilloniteisaclaymineralwithsubstantialisomorphicsubstitution .Mesoporouspillaredmontmorillonitecanbepreparedbyintroducinggallerytemplates ,suchasquaternaryammoniumcationandlongchainamine .Thusformedorgano montmorilloniteshaveimprovedcapa…     

平流层飞艇囊体材料老化测试研究概述

基于对国内外有关囊体材料老化测试研究文献的充分调研,综述了囊体材料老化机理、老化试验方法、试验对象的选取、性能影响表征与评价等方面的研究现状,老化后的囊体材料常用形貌表征、拉伸测试、透氦率表征及化学结构表征等4种表征方法。鉴于当前对平流层飞艇囊体老化研究缺乏统一的评价指标,且大多研究在囊体材料老化性能验证方面存在不足,提出了后续研究的手段和方向,为浮空器囊体材料的可靠性测试研究和发展提供参考。     

Diverse molecular compositions of dissolved organic matter derived from different composts using ESI FT-ICR MS

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) derived from various composts can promote significant changes of soil properties. However, little is known about the DOM compositions and their similarities and differences at the molecular level. In this study, the molecular compositions of DOM derived from kitchen waste compost (KWC), green waste compost (GWC), manure waste compost (MWC), and sewage sludge compost (SSC) were characterized by electrospray ionization coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI FT-ICR MS). The molecular formulas were classified into four subcategories: CHO, CHON, CHOS, and CHONS. The KWC, MWC, and SSC DOM represented the highest fraction (35.8%-47.4%) of CHON subcategory, while the GWC DOM represented the highest fraction (68.4%) of CHO subcategory. The GWC DOM was recognized as the nitrogen- and sulfur-deficient compounds that were less saturated, more aromatic, and more oxidized compared with other samples. Further analysis of the oxygen, nitrogen-containing (N-containing), and sulfur-containing (S-containing) functional groups in the four subcategories revealed higher organic molecular complexity. Comparison of the similarities and differences of the four samples revealed 22.8% ubiquitous formulas and 17.4%, 11.1%, 10.7%, and 6.3% unique formulas of GWC, KWC, SSC, and MWC DOM, respectively, suggesting a large proportion of ubiquitous DOM as well as unique, source-specific molecular signatures. The findings presented herein provide new insight into the molecular characterization of DOM derived from various composts and demonstrated the potential role of these different compounds for agricultural utilization.     

SEWAGE DISCHARGES FROM SHIPS TRANSITING COASTAL SALT WATERS1

ABSTRACT: A number of aspects of the discharging of non-oily wastewaters by transiting ships are treated in this overview paper. In the introduction, options to discharging (the use of holding tank, on board treatment) and the impact of changing regulations are discussed. Assessment of the effects of sewage discharges on coastal waters required that data, at first not available, be generated. An account is given of the characterization of Navy shipboard wastewaters and of experiments involving sewage discharges at sea, measurements of water quality before, during and after an amphibious operation, and fore and aft of transitting Navy ships. A better understanding of sewage dilution after discharge led to the verification of a method for controlled discharging of sewage (and other wastewaters). This method permits limiting the coliform bacteria count in the ship's wake to values below acceptable limits. The final sections contain information on long range effects of ships’sewage discharges, obtained in studies by the U.S. Navy and others, as well as public health considerations.     

新型低温CuO/AC脱硫剂制备——煅烧温度对脱硫活性的影响

首次将炭载型ＣｕＯ／ＡＣ用于烟气脱硫,在最经济的烟气脱硫温度窗口（１２０～２５０℃）显示出高的脱硫活性．考查了煅烧温度和煅烧后脱硫剂的预氧化对脱硫活性的影响,并对脱硫剂进行了ＴＰＤ和ＥＸＡＦＳ表征．结果表明：经２５０℃煅烧的ＣｕＯ／ＡＣ脱硫剂具有最高的脱硫活性．２００℃煅烧,前驱体Ｃｕ（ＮＯ₃）₂未完全分解;高于２５０℃煅烧,活性组分ＣｕＯ被载体Ｃ部分还原为金属Ｃｕ 微晶,从而发生烧结、聚集,以上均导致脱硫剂活性的下降．尽管不同温度煅烧的ＣｕＯ／ＡＣ表现出大的脱硫活性差异,但吸硫后均生成同一反应产物ＣｕＳＯ₄．２５０℃煅烧的ＣｕＯ／ＡＣ脱硫剂Ｃｕ 以ＣｕＯ和Ｃｕ₂Ｏ形态存在,其中的Ｃｕ₂Ｏ在２００℃很容易氧化成ＣｕＯ     

阳(阴)离子复配修饰两性磁性膨润土的表面特征差异及对苯酚吸附的影响

以膨润土(BT)为基质,采用共沉淀法制备负载Fe3O4的磁性膨润土(MBT),在两性表面活性剂十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱(BS-12)修饰(BS-MBT)的基础上,以阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)/阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)为复配修饰剂,通过湿法分别制备2种两性复配修饰磁性膨润土(BS-CT-MBT/BS-SDS-MBT),采用扫描电镜、X-射线衍射、热重、红外光谱对样品进行表征,测定磁性、比表面积和孔容等性质,通过批处理实验法对比两性复配修饰磁性膨润土对苯酚的吸附.结果表明,两性复配修饰膨润土具有良好的磁分离性能.与BS-MBT相比,BS-CT-MBT的C、N质量分数增大,复配修饰剂质量分数增加,孔容和比表面积减小,BS-SDS-MBT的C、N质量分数减小,复配修饰剂质量分数减少,孔容减小,比表面积增大.在pH 6.0的0.1 mol·L~(-1)Na Cl溶液中各修饰剂的解吸率低于9%.各土样对苯酚的等温吸附数据符合Henry模型,以分配吸附为主,吸附量顺序为BS-CT-MBTBS-MBTBS-SDS-MBTBTMBT,修饰剂质量分数是影响苯酚吸附的决定性因素,CTMAB提升土样吸附苯酚能力的效果高于SDS.     

Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM1 and PM2.5 in Tianjin, China: Impacts of biomass burning and primary biogenic sources

The submicron particulate matter (PM₁) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) are very important due to their greater adverse impacts on the natural environment and human health. In this study, the daily PM₁ and PM_2.5 samples were collected during early summer 2018 at a sub-urban site in the urban-industrial port city of Tianjin, China. The collected samples were analyzed for the carbonaceous fractions, inorganic ions, elemental species, and specific marker sugar species. The chemical characterization of PM₁ and PM_2.5 was based on their concentrations, compositions, and characteristic ratios (PM₁/PM_2.5, AE/CE, NO₃^?/SO₄^2?, OC/EC, SOC/OC, OM/TCA, K+/EC, levoglucosan/K⁺, V/Cu, and V/Ni). The average concentrations of PM₁ and PM_2.5 were 32.4 µg/m³ and 53.3 µg/m³, and PM₁ constituted 63% of PM_2.5 on average. The source apportionment of PM₁ and PM_2.5 by positive matrix factorization (PMF) model indicated the main sources of secondary aerosols (25% and 34%), biomass burning (17% and 20%), traffic emission (20% and 14%), and coal combustion (17% and 14%). The biomass burning factor involved agricultural fertilization and waste incineration. The biomass burning and primary biogenic contributions were determined by specific marker sugar species. The anthropogenic sources (combustion, secondary particle formation, etc) contributed significantly to PM₁ and PM_2.5, and the natural sources were more evident in PM_2.5. This work significantly contributes to the chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM₁ and PM_2.5 in near-port cities influenced by the diverse sources.