氯霉素对斑马鱼早期发育的毒性效应

通过氯霉素对斑马鱼(Daniorerio)胚胎及仔鱼的毒性暴露实验,研究了氯霉素对斑马鱼早期发育的致死和亚致死毒性效应.结果表明,氯霉素对斑马鱼胚胎的自主运动、心跳和孵化能力均造成了明显的不利影响,并且胚胎和仔鱼在毒性暴露过程中均产生了明显的畸形特征.其中,低浓度的氯霉素对胚胎的自主运动产生抑制作用,而高浓度的氯霉素对其自主运动产生明显的刺激作用.高浓度的氯霉素抑制胚胎和仔鱼的心跳及孵化能力,且对胚胎和仔鱼造成致死效应,其96hLC50值分别为56.6mg·mL-1和116.8mg·mL-1,而低浓度的氯霉素对胚胎和仔鱼产生致畸效应,胚胎和仔鱼表现出的主要畸形特征有心包水肿、卵黄囊肿胀、凝血、脊柱弯曲和鳔缺失.     

沉积物和土壤中胶体对氯霉素吸附行为的影响

天然胶体（NCs）在沉积物和土壤中广泛存在,并可影响抗生素等污染物的环境归趋.以氯霉素（CAP）为抗生素代表,选取不同来源的沉积物和土壤样品,结合切向超滤技术、动态光散射、紫外-可见吸收光谱和三维荧光光谱等多种纳米分析技术和方法,揭示了沉积物/土壤中不同相对分子质量NCs对CAP的吸附能力及其影响因素.结果表明,相对分子质量小的NCs自生源贡献率大且腐殖化程度高,而相对分子质量大的NCs以陆源来源为主,且芳环上含有更加丰富的羧基、羟基和羰基等官能团.平行因子分析共识别出4个荧光组分,其中类腐殖质组分是主要成分.基于传统批处理实验探究了沉积物/土壤不同组分对CAP的吸附行为,结果表明,线性模型和Freundlich模型能较好地拟合土样不同组分对CAP的吸附.原始样品、去除有/无机碳样品中的NCs对CAP的吸附率均值分别为4.46%、3.93%和6.61%,说明NCs中的有机碳对CAP的吸附行为具有重要影响.CAP更易被相对分子质量小的NCs吸附,这可能是因为相对分子质量小的NCs腐殖化程度高,芳环上取代基以脂肪链为主,且NCs中的色氨酸类蛋白物质会抑制其对CAP的吸附.冗余分析结果表明,沉积物和土壤NCs对CAP的吸附主要与其NCs来源、芳香性、芳环上的有氧官能团、腐殖化程度和类腐殖物质有关.     

Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer prepared by microwave heating for confirmatory determination of chloramphenicol in chicken feed using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract

A magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) for chloramphenicol was prepared using a surface-imprinted and microwave-heating-induced polymerization method. The surfaces of the magnetic particles were first double-bond functionalized with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (γ-MPS), followed by the copolymerization of 4-vinyl pyridine (4-VP) and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) in the presence of chloramphenicol as a template and 1,1-azobis(cyclohexane-carbonitrile) (ABCN) as an initiator in a mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide and water with microwave heating at 80°C. The magnetic polymer possesses supraparamagnetic properties and was used to concentrate and cleanup chicken feed extract, followed by chromatographic separation using a Lichrospher®100 RP C8 column and detection with two multi-reaction monitoring transitions at m/z 321→ 152 and m/z 321→ 257. The mean recoveries obtained at two spiking levels were in the range of 94.6–100% The relative intra- and inter-day standard deviations were in the range of 1.4–2.6% and 5.1–5.7%, respectively. The detection limit of the method was 0.12 µg kg^?1. This confirmatory method was successfully applied to determine chloramphenicol in chicken feed samples.     

超高效液相色谱三重四级杆质谱联用法测定水中的氯霉素

建立了固相萃取一超高效液相色谱三重四级杆质谱联用法同时测定水中痕量的氯霉素残留,该方法采用电喷雾电离源、多重反应监测负离子模式在5min内完成对氯霉素的分析,方法检出限为0．2ng/L,空白样品和实际样品的加标回收率为76．2％～104％,该方法具有操作简便,灵敏度高,重现性好的特点。     

Fate and residues of 14C‐chloramphenicol in laying chickens 1

Abstract

Studies were conducted to determine the metabolic fate of chloramphenicol (CAP) in White Leghorn using the ^l4C‐labelled compound. In one experiment birds were administered orally via intra‐crop, a single dose of 100 mg (equivalent to 66 mg kg^‐1 body weight) of CAP containing 14 μCi ¹⁴C‐CAP, and its absorption, elimination and distribution in plasma were recorded. Orally dosed ¹⁴C‐compound was rapidly absorbed, efficiently distributed in plasma and eliminated in excreta (>70% in 5 hr). After 5 h, CAP equivalent residues in tissues were lower than 15 μg g^‐1 for this treatment. In a second experiment birds were given intra‐crop dose of either 0.5 or 5 mg of CAP (each dose contained 2.5 μCi ¹⁴C‐CAP) daily for five consecutive days followed by a seven day withdrawal period and elimination of ¹⁴C in excreta and eggs was monitored. More than 95% of the administered ¹⁴C was eliminated within the first 24 h after dosing. Radiocarbon (¹⁴C) was deposited preferentially in yolks compared to albumen or other tissues. Residues declined when feeding was stopped. Various metabolites were isolated and identified by a combination of TLC, LC, and LC‐MS. The main metabolic route of CAP in laying hens appears to be the glucuronidation. Cleavage of the dichloroacetate moiety was only a minor route.     

树脂吸附法处理氯霉素中间体DL-氨基物合成废水

研究了树脂吸附法处理氯霉素生产中产生的DL 1 对硝基苯基 2 氨基 1 ,3 丙二醇 (DL 氨基物 )碱解废水的工艺。结果表明 ,NG 1 0 0超高交联吸附树脂对废水中DL 氨基物具有较好的吸附性能。在试验条件下 ,废水CODCr为 72 0 0mg/L ,DL 氨基物含量为 2 86 5mg/L ,批处理 1 7BV时 ,平均出水CODCr降至 89 3mg/L ,CODCr去除率 >98% ;出水中DL 氨基物未检出 ,去除率近 1 0 0 %。树脂经稀酸脱附处理后 ,再生性能良好 ,高浓脱附液可直接回用于氯霉素生产酸性水解工艺中 ,使回收物得到有效利用     

集胞藻胞外聚合物(EPS)与氯霉素的相互作用

通过利用激发-发射矩阵(EEM)荧光光谱,研究蓝藻集胞藻EPS(胞外聚合物)与CAP(氯霉素)的相互作用.结果表明:EPS含有6个峰,其中峰A(Ex/Em=205/304)、峰B(Ex/Em=230/302)、峰C(Ex/Em=235/354)和峰D(Ex/Em=260/372)为类蛋白峰,峰E(Ex/Em=275/446)和峰F(Ex/Em=350/452)为类腐殖质峰.除峰F外,其他各峰都能被CAP猝灭,说明它们所代表的物质能够与CAP发生作用;而峰F则几乎不被CAP猝灭,即荧光峰F不与CAP发生作用.CAP与EPS中荧光基团的反应属于静态猝灭,生成稳定的不发荧光的EPS-CAP络合物,其有效猝灭常数为3.28～4.49,结合常数为4.54～8.13.EPS与CAP强的络合作用意味着环境中普遍存在的EPS可能深刻地影响CAP在水环境中的迁移与转化.      

碳纳米管修饰电极电催化还原去除废水中的氯霉素

为发展废水中抗生素的处理技术、保护水环境质量,采用表面活性剂辅助分散碳纳米管,制备碳纳米管修饰电极,研究了修饰电极对氯霉素的电催化还原能力和动力学特征,初步探讨了氯霉素的还原去除机制.结果表明,双十六烷基磷酸(DHP)可以有效分散碳纳米管,通过优化碳纳米管和DHP的配比、分散液修饰量,制备的碳纳米管修饰电极还原2 mg·L~(-1)氯霉素24 h时的去除率达到97.21%;电催化还原氯霉素的动力学过程符合一级反应动力学模型,去除速率常数为0.157 4 h~(-1),半衰期为4.40 h.采用液相色谱-串联质谱分析法(LC-MS/MS)鉴定了氯霉素的还原产物,分析了氯霉素还原的可能途径,电催化不仅还原了氯霉素中的硝基,还可以进一步还原羰基和脱氯,显著降低氯霉素的毒性.     

淡水养殖鱼体中氯霉素的安全性研究

以淡水养殖鱼塘中的鱼类为研究对象,采用碱化乙酸乙酯超声提取样品中的氯霉素(CAP),用C₁₈ SPE固相萃取净化,液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)法进行分析,研究了同一鱼塘4种鱼类鱼肉样品及福寿鱼不同器官或组织对氯霉素的蓄积能力,初步评价其安全性.结果表明:同一淡水养殖鱼塘中4种鱼肉样品w(CAP)分别是福寿鱼(0.40 μg/kg)>青鱼(0.22 μg/kg)>鲢鱼(0.15 μg/kg)>鲮鱼(0.13 μg/kg),其中福寿鱼w(CAP)超过欧盟和美国FAD规定的检出限(0.3 μg/kg),而青鱼、鲢鱼和鲮鱼符合该检测标准,可安全食用;福寿鱼不同器官或组织的w(CAP)从高到低依次是鱼鳃1.07 μg/kg,鱼头0.79 μg/kg,鱼肠0.67 μg/kg,鱼鳞0.52 μg/kg,鱼肉0.40 μg/kg,鱼骨0.13 μg/kg,只有鱼骨中的w(CAP)符合欧盟和美国FAD规定的安全标准.