不同藻密度下诺氟沙星对萼花臂尾轮虫生命表统计学参数的影响

诺氟沙星是一种被广泛使用的抗生素,但其对轮虫的毒性作用尚不清楚。为调查诺氟沙星对轮虫的毒性及其与藻密度之间的关系,以及各试验终点对诺氟沙星污染的相对敏感性,本文以萼花臂尾轮虫为受试生物,研究了不同斜生栅藻密度(1.0×10~6、2.0×10~6和4.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1))下不同浓度(0、5、20、35、50、65和80 mg·L~(-1))的诺氟沙星对其生命表统计学参数的影响。结果显示,与3个藻密度下的对照组相比,暴露于5～80 mg·L~(-1)诺氟沙星溶液中的轮虫生命期望和世代时间显著延长,净生殖率和种群内禀增长率显著提高。5 mg·L~(-1)的诺氟沙星使生命期望和世代时间的延长幅度随着藻密度的升高而增大,但6个处理组的平均提高幅度却随着藻密度的升高而减小; 5 mg·L~(-1)的诺氟沙星对净生殖率和种群内禀增长率的提高幅度随着藻密度的升高而增大,但6个处理组的平均提高幅度却在2.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下最小,4.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下最大。1.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下,诺氟沙星浓度对轮虫后代混交率无显著性影响(P0.05); 2.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下,暴露于5～35和80 mg·L~(-1)诺氟沙星溶液中的轮虫后代混交率显著降低; 4.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下,暴露于5、35和80 mg·L~(-1)诺氟沙星溶液中的轮虫后代混交率显著降低。当藻密度为1.0×10~6和2.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)时,诺氟沙星浓度与轮虫的生命期望、世代时间、净生殖率和种群内禀增长率之间具有显著的剂量-效应关系;当藻密度为4.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)时,诺氟沙星浓度与轮虫的净生殖率和种群内禀增长率之间具有显著的剂量-效应关系。本研究表明,亚致死浓度的诺氟沙星促进轮虫的存活、发育、孤雌生殖和种群增长,促进作用的幅度受藻密度的显著影响。     

有机硅助剂Breakthru S240对大型溞的毒性研究

参照OECD推荐的化学品对水生生物的标准试验方法,测定了有机硅助剂Breakthru S240对大型溞Daphnia magna的急性、慢性毒性和胚胎毒性,以期综合评价有机硅助剂对大型溞的毒性效应.结果表明:有机硅助剂对大型溞的48h-LC50值为1.218mg/L,为中毒.21d慢性毒性结果显示,有机硅助剂对大型溞的产溞量、产溞胎数、21d体长和蜕皮次数都有显著的影响,且随着处理浓度的增大而更加明显.母溞暴露Breakthru S240后,对F1(1st)代的生长和繁殖没有显著影响,但F1(3rd)代的恢复比F1(1st)代差,虽然Breakthru S240对F1(3rd)代生长影响不大,但对其繁殖有显著影响.这可能与母溞的暴露时间有关.另外,高浓度有机硅助剂对大型溞胚胎发育也存在一定的威胁,孵化抑制率高达68.50%.     

天津地区人群对六六六的暴露分析

以天津地区六六六(HCH)各介质浓度的实测数据和文献中相关参数为基础资料 ,采用多介质暴露模型,估算了天津地区人群对环境中HCH的暴露水平 .计算结果说明 ,该地区人群的终身日均暴露量为0.05μg·(kg·d)^-1,儿童、青少年和成人亚群的暴露水平分别为 0.10、0.06和0.04 μg·(kg·d)^-1.膳食摄入占总暴露量的 87%以上 ,是最主要的途径 ;其次是呼吸暴露 ,对总暴露的贡献达5%～10%.各项参数中,膳食结构和食品、气相HCH残留水平是影响暴露的重要因素 .     

贵州西南地区慢性铊中毒途径研究

铊中毒区土壤、植物中铊含量均很高，铊中毒途径主要是食用高铊蔬菜，进入人体长期积累，导致慢性铊中毒。     

氟乙酸钠的衍生化GC—NPD测定方法

氟乙酸钠的分析鉴定，有助于中毒病人的论断与救治，本文建立了一种氟乙酸钠的衍生化、ＧＣ－ＮＰＤ测定方法，用正交设计法选择了衍生化条件和色谱测定条件，考查了中毒治疗药物和一些有机酸的干扰情况。将该方法用于血、尿样品外加氟乙酸钠的测定，考查了血、尿样品中氟乙酸钠测定的线性范围、最低检测限、精密度。     

Evaluation of a responsible beverage service and enforcement program: Effects on bar patron intoxication and potential impaired driving by young adults

Objective: Studies of alcohol-related harm (violence, injury, illness) suggest that the most significant risk factors are the amount of alcohol consumed and whether obviously intoxicated patrons continue to be served. This study's objective was to investigate the effects of a responsible beverage service (RBS)/enhanced alcohol enforcement intervention on bars, bar patrons, and impaired driving.

Method: Two communities—Monroe County, New York, and Cleveland, Ohio—participated in a demonstration program and evaluation. The intervention applied RBS training, targeted enforcement, and corrective actions by law enforcement to a random sample of 10 identified problem bars in each community compared to 10 matched nonintervention problem bars. Data were collected over 3 waves on bar serving practices, bar patron intoxication, drinking and driving, and other alcohol-related harm from intervention and control bars and treatment and comparison communities.

Results: In Monroe County, New York, of the 14 outcome measures analyzed, 7 measures showed statistically significant differences from pre- to postintervention. Six of those measures indicated changes in the desired or positive direction and 2 measures were in the undesired or negative direction. Of note in the positive direction, the percentage of intervention bar patrons who were intoxicated decreased from 44 to 27% and the average blood alcohol concentration of patrons decreased from 0.097 to 0.059 g/dL pre- to postintervention. In Cleveland, Ohio, 6 of the 14 measures showed statistically significant changes pre- to postintervention with 6 in the positive direction and 4 in the negative direction. Of note, the percentage of pseudo-intoxicated patrons denied service in intervention bars increased from 6 to 29%.

Conclusions: Of the 14 outcome measures that were analyzed in each community, most indicated positive changes associated with the intervention, but others showed negative associations. About half of the measures showed no significance, the sample sizes were too small, or the data were unavailable. Therefore, at best, the results of these demonstration programs were mixed. There were, however, some positive indications from the intervention. It appears that when bar managers and owners are aware of the program and its enforcement and when servers are properly trained in RBS, fewer patrons may become intoxicated and greater efforts may be made to deny service to obviously intoxicated patrons. Given that about half of arrested impaired drivers had their last drink at a licensed establishment, widespread implementation of this strategy has the potential to help reduce impaired driving.     

Population dynamics in Daphnia Magna as modified by chronic tetradifon stress

Abstract

Two Daphnia magna offsprings (animals from the first and third brood) whose parentals (F₀‐generation) were exposed during 21 days to different tetradifon (4‐chlorophenyl 2,4,5‐trichlophenyl sulfone) concentrations, were transferred to a pesticide free medium during 21 days (recovery period). The algae Nannochloris oculata (5x10⁵ cells/mL) was used as food. In this recovery study, survival, growth and reproduction (mean total young per female, mean brood size, onset of reproduction and mean number broods per female) were assessed as individual parameters and the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) as population parameter, for F₁ generation (1st and 3rd broods). Reproduction was still reduced in F₁ (1st and 3rd broods) generation daphnids from parentals (F₀) exposed to 0.18 mg/L tetradifon and higher concentrations even after 21 days in clean water. However, survival was not significantly different (p>0.05) in those F1 offsprings from parentals pre‐exposed to the acaricide. Growth was still reduced in F1 daphnids from parentals pre‐exposed to 0.10–0.44 mg/L tetradifon. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r) was still affected in Fl generation daphnids, specially in those from the third brood. Therefore, Fl generation D. magna offsprings from a parental generation (F0) previously exposed to the acaricide tetradifon were not able to recuperate completely when a recovery period of 21 days was allowed.     

全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)替代品对4种本土水生生物的生态毒性

本文选择了紫背浮萍、四尾栅藻、蚤状溞和稀有鮈鲫4种本土水生生物,开展了阳离子表面活性剂、织物三防整理剂、C4三防整理剂和C6三防整理剂4种全氟辛烷磺酸盐(PFOS)替代品的安全性评估,为筛选理想PFOS化学替代品提供科学依据。急性毒性结果发现阳离子表面活性剂对4种水生生物均未显示出急性毒性;织物三防整理剂、C4三防整理剂和C6三防整理剂对蚤状溞的LC50值分别为17.97、64.61和85.58 mg·L-1,显示出低的急性毒性。另外,织物三防整理剂对四尾栅藻的半数抑制浓度(EC50)值为88.32 mg·L-1,而对稀有鮈鲫半致死浓度(LC50)值为14.79 mg·L-1,均存在急性毒性。短期生长抑制试验结果发现阳离子表面活性剂、织物三防整理剂、C4三防整理剂和C6三防整理剂对稀有鮈鲫生长抑制最低可见效应浓度(LOEC)值分别为20、1.5、100和50 mg·L-1,表明4种PFOS替代品均显示低慢性毒性。急慢性综合分析可知C4和C6三防整理剂相对较安全,可能成为理想的PFOS替代品。     

Influence of Environmental Factors on the Evolution of Industrial Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

The aim of the study is to investigate how environmental factors, associated with exposure to industrial noise, affect the development of chronic noise-induced hearing loss.The studywas conducted on 186 male subjectsworking in two bottling plants, situated respectively in a small farming community, and in a medium-sized city with significant levels of noise pollution. Levels of occupational exposure were the same for the two groups.The subjects were selected by means of a preliminary medical examination, and exposed to tonal hearing tests and acoustic impedance tests. Statistical analysis was performed on hearing threshold values obtained at the frequencies of 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 Hz.The comparison between the thresholds obtained in the two groups showed a statistically significant difference, especially at the frequency of 4000 Hz and for occupational exposure exceeding 17 yr. The results led us to conclude that environmental factors, and urban noise in particular, influence the onset and development of occupational acoustic trauma, and that those working in the country are significantly less affected than those in the city. Since occupational exposure was the same for both groups, their different responses must therefore be interpreted as due to differences in nonoccupational exposure, in turn dependent on different opportunities for rest from noise and different levels of exposure to noise pollution.     

Bhopal gas tragedy: scientific challenges and lessons for future

Some of the challenges of BGT were answered by two multi-disciplinary projects of the ICMR on Pathology and Toxicology and Pathophysiology. Unlike other chemical disasters, the aerosol inhaled by the Bhopal victims contained a mixture of MIC and its trimers and dimers, as well as aqueous and thermal decomposition products, including HCN. A coordinated GC–MS study of the blood and autopsy tissues and chemicals in the Tank residue confirmed their role.

Autopsy studies revealed the pathological changes in the acute, sub-acute and chronic phases progressive changes of pulmonary edema and bronchiolitis, followed by chronic pulmonary fibrosis. Cerebral edema resulted in ‘acute histotoxic anoxia’. Intensive experimental studies with the help of newer tools of molecular biology might throw more light on the underlying mechanisms and newer therapeutic approaches.

The initial finding of cherry-red discoloration of lungs led to a suspicion of cyanide toxicity. Eventually, elevated blood and tissue cyanide levels confirmed the prompt therapeutic response to NaTS and accompanying increase of urinary NaSCN excretion. However, periodic clinical recurrences and relapses pointing towards ‘chronic cyanide toxicity’ remained enigmatic.

Specific changes the 2–3 DPG levels and Blood Gases were explained on the basis of N-carbamoylation of end-terminal valine residues of Hb. Soon, several other end-terminal -amino groups of tissue proteins were also found to be N-carbamoylated. Had the attempts at demonstrate S-carbamoylation of glutathione and other SH radicals of tissue enzymes like rhodanese succeeded, perhaps the underlying mechanism of chronic cyanide toxicity due to MIC might have been resolved.

Based on the practical lessons learnt in Bhopal, an attempt will be made to present the salient pathological and toxicological findings, followed by a brief outline of the principles of planned laboratory management for alleviation of human suffering from future chemical disasters.