The potential ecological risk of soil trace metals following over five decades of agronomical practices in a semi-arid environment

The concentration and potential ecological risk of Mn, Zn, Cu, and Cd in the surface soils (0–30?cm) belonging to 12 soil profiles and 4 soil types (Vertisols, Chernozems, Calcisols, and Cambisols) from the cultivated soils and the corresponding uncultivated soils were investigated. Long-term cultivation caused a considerable build-up diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)-extractable Mn (7–55%), and Cd (12–31%) as well as the total form of Zn (3–14%), Cu (8–25%), and Cd (33–78%) in all soil types. Following long-time cropping, total Zn (mean?=?73?mg?kg^?1), Cu (mean?=?33?mg?kg^?1), and Cd (mean?=?3.14?mg?kg^?1) and DTPA Zn (mean?=?1.2?mg?kg^?1) and Cu (mean?=?2.44?mg?kg^?1) were below their maximum allowable limits. However, the average amount of DTPA Cd in the tilled soils (min?=?0.4, max?=?0.75, mean?=?0.55?mg?kg^?1) was above its maximum permissible limit mainly due to the over application of phosphate fertilisers and the pesticides. Considering the potential ecological risk (RI) assessment of the cultivated soils (min?=?44, max?=?70, mean?=?54), the soil types were categorised as low (RI?≤?50) to moderate (50?相似文献   

Effect of organic fractions on sorption properties of organic pollutants in sediments

Humic substrates are a major fraction of sediment organic matters, and the sorption of hydrophobic organic chemicals by humic substrates influences their behavior and fate in sediment. In this paper, organic matters were divided into non-humic substrates and humic substrates. Non-humic substrates include acid leaching fraction, acid extracted fraction, and lipid; humic substrates were fractionated into Ca-binding-FA(fulvic acid), Ca-binding-HA (humic acid), oxide-FA, oxide-HA, and humin. To study the effect of organic fractions on sorption properties, sorption kinetic and equilibrium sorption experiments of phenanthrene and pentachlorophenol(PCP) in five sediments were carried out. The results showed that the contents of acid leaching fraction and oxide-binding-HA were the main fractions to affect the sorption rate constant, and for the sorption capacity of phenanthrene, humin was the major fraction, followed by oxide-binding-HA, oxidebinding-FA, and so on. While for PCP, the factors of influence on sorption capacity were mainly CEC, Ca-binding-FA, and Ca-binding-HA.     

Physiological responses of Avicennia marina seedlings to the phytotoxic effects of the water-soluble fraction of light Arabian crude oil

Stomatal behavior, growth performance and the accumulation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated in seedlings of the mangrove Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh., treated with a water-soluble fraction (WSF) of Abu-Dhabi light Arabian crude oil through foliar spraying or soil application.Irregular stomatal behavior and weak stomatal control over transpiration were observed during the first 24 hours, where stomatal resistances of plants sprayed with 150 and 300 g PAHs plant^–1 were significantly lower than that of the control plants. After six weeks, all treated plants showed no significant difference in their relative growth rate (RGR) or in the net assimilation rate (NAR) compared with the control plants.Tri-aromatic hydrocarbons were the most accumulated in tissues of the treated plants. Penta- and hexa-aromatics, on the other hand, were undetectable in the WSF and consequently in the treated plants. A linear relationship was observed between the dose applied to plants and the amounts of tissue accumulated PAHs (r ²=0.515 for soil application and r ²=0.984 for foliar spray). In plants sprayed with 300 g PAHs plant^–1, the total PAHs accumulated were more than that accumulated in plants treated through soil application.These findings suggest that: aqueous extraction of crude oil tends to signify the percentage of the low molecular weight PAHs, e.g. naphthalene, to the total PAHs; disturbed stomatal behavior in the first day of the treatment may be due to the venting of the volatile low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzene, toluene, and xylenes) through the stomata; and uptake of water-soluble hydrocarbons by plants is equally possible through both of the root system and the foliage. The ecological implications of these finding are discussed in relation to oil pollution of mangrove stands under field conditions.     

大气可吸入颗粒物(PM_(10))单颗粒硫化特征

使用SEM/EDX对哈尔滨市夏季不同时段采集的可吸入颗粒物单个矿物颗粒的成分和硫化特征进行研究.结果表明,哈尔滨市夏季PM10中可以鉴定出的矿物有29种,其中黏土矿物所占比例超过了40%;中午时段内的样品几乎没有发生硫化,但早晚时段内采集的样品具有普遍的硫化现象,且黏土矿物发生硫化的几率最高,样品S/Ca的平均比值为1.0,是中午时段样品S/Ca值的73倍,不同时段、气象条件下样品的硫化程度不同,显示其硫化机制各不相同;按矿物的元素含量不同,矿物颗粒分为5种类型:"富Si"、"富Ca"、"富S"、"富Fe"、"富Mg",显示矿物颗粒主要来自地壳源;各时段样品中的矿物颗粒具有同源性,说明早晚时段样品中富含的S只能是大气二次化学反应的结果,且规则石膏颗粒主要是由方解石等碳酸钙盐矿物发生的硫化作用形成的.     

淹水条件对不同土壤中稀土元素钕形态分布的影响

以旱作条件为参照,研究淹水条件对钕形态分布的影响.结果表明,淹水条件对内源钕B1态(水溶态、可交换态与碳酸盐结合)、B2态(铁锰氧化物结合态)和B3态(有机质及硫化物结合态)的分布无显著影响.对于外源钕,淹水条件使B1和B3态浓度增加,而B2态浓度则因土壤性质而异,中性土壤中浓度稳定,酸性和碱性土壤中浓度分别增高和降低,其机制有待进一步研究;淹水条件对黄红壤和黄褐土中外源钕无显著影响,而砂姜黑土则相反;两种条件下,3种土壤中B2和B3态浓度顺序相同,B2态浓度顺序为:黄红壤黄褐土砂姜黑土,B3态浓度顺序为:砂姜黑土黄褐土黄红壤,而B1态在黄红壤中浓度最大;外源钕有进入残渣态的趋势,但并不明显,且不同土壤的各形态对残渣态的贡献不同.     

Zn2+络合促进土霉素在粘土矿物表面的吸附

土霉素(OTC)和Zn2+作为饲料添加剂大量应用于畜禽养殖中,会通过畜禽粪便施用等方式进入土壤环境.研究了它们在粘土矿物上的吸附行为及其相互影响.结果发现,阳离子交换量大的蒙脱石对OTC的吸附系数(Kd)明显高于高岭石;而电荷属性的不同,导致2种粘土的Kd随pH呈现不同的趋势.Zn2+可对OTC吸附产生影响,在4相似文献   

Effects of free iron oxyhydrates and soil organic matter on copper sorption-desorption behavior by size fractions of aggregates from two paddy soils

Effects of free iron oxyhydrates (Fed) and soil organic matter (SOM) on copper (Cu2+) sorption-desorption behavior by size fractions of aggregates from two typical paddy soils (Ferric-Accumulic Stagnic Anthrosol (Soil H) and Gleyic Stagnic Anthrosol (Soil W)) were investigated with and without treatment of dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate and of H2O2. The size fractions of aggregates were obtained from the undisturbed bulk topsoil using a low energy ultrasonic dispersion procedure. Experiments of equilibrium sorption and subsequent desorption were conducted at soil water ratio of 1:20, 25℃. For Soil H, Cu2+ sorption capacity of the DCB-treated size fractions was decreased by 5.9% for fine sand fraction, by 40.4% for coarse sand fraction, in comparison to 2.9% for the bulk sample. However, Cu2+ sorption capacities of the H2O2-treated fractions were decreased by over 80% for the coarse sand fraction and by 15% for the clay-sized fraction in comparison to 88% for bulk soil. For Soil W, Cu2+ sorption capacity of the DCB-treated size fraction was decreased by 30% for the coarse sand fraction and by over 75% for silt sand fraction in comparison to 44.5% for the bulk sample. Cu2+ sorption capacities of the H2O2-treated fractions were decreased by only 2.0% for the coarse sand fraction and by 15% for the fine sand fraction in comparison to by 3.4% for bulk soil. However, Cu2+ desorption rates were increased much in H2O2-treated samples by over 80% except the clay-sized fraction (only 9.5%) for Soil H. While removal of SOM with H2O2 tendend to increase desorption rate, DCB- and H2O2-treatments caused decrease in Cu2+ retention capacity of size fractions. Particularly, there hardly remained Cu2+ retention capacity by size fractions from Soil H after H2O2 treatment except for clay-sized fraction. These findings supported again the dominance of the coarse sand fraction in sorption of metals and the preference of absorbed metals bound to SOM in differently stabilized status among the size fractions. Thus, enrichment and turnover of SOM in paddy soils may have great effects on metal retention and chemical mobility in paddy soils.     

两步连续提取法测定植物中重金属的形态

重金属在植物体内的迁移、转化很大程度上取决于它们的化学形态。文章提出了一种简化的两步连续提取法,根据元素在植物体内活动性的大小,将重金属依次分为乙醇提取态、盐酸提取态和残渣态。采用标准物质(茶叶)对连续提取方法的回收率和精密度进行验证。16次重复测定Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Fe和Mn六种重金属元素,3种形态含量之和占各元素总量的82%~116%之间,回收率满足形态分析的要求;各形态含量分析的相对标准偏差,除了Zn、Pb和Cd 3种元素的乙醇态和残渣态在32%~57%之间外,其余均小于20%,表明本方法具有较好的精密度,能满足分析要求。利用蔬菜基地采得的10份植物样品(黄瓜的根、茎、叶片和果实)考察了该方法对不同类型植物样分析的实际应用情况。结果表明,对于根、茎、叶和果实不同植物样品,各元素的3种形态之和占总量的84.6%~106%,回收率满足形态分析的要求。     

由天然钠基膨润土直接合成钛柱撑膨润土的研究

以高庙子天然钠基膨润土为原料,钛酸正丁酯在pH=2~5环境下水解聚合成柱撑剂,水热法制备了钛柱撑膨润土(Ti-pillaredclay,Ti-PILC)。采用X-射线粉晶衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、比表面积分析仪(BET)分析了产物的结构和形貌。探讨了制备Ti-PILC的工艺参数对结构的影响。结果表明:Ti-PILC呈片层桥结的多孔结构;钛柱撑剂撑开的d001层间距为1.860 8~2.481 3 nm;比表面积由31 m2/g增加到191 m2/g。柱撑最佳工艺参数为:钛/土比30 mmol/g,反应时间为3 h,反应温度为100℃。     

西北某粘土矿水动力弥散系数的室内测定

使用室内水平土柱吸渗法测试了西北某粘土矿水动力弥散系数,根据测定的土壤中含水量动态数据,计算了非饱和粘土的水动力弥散系数,并建立了该土壤水动力弥散系数与质量含水率之间的关系。该方法物理概念清楚,计算公式简单实用。