改良混凝反应器强化混凝效果的研究

通过设置水平隔板强化水力扩散作用,提高了普通混凝反应器的混凝效果;比较了改良与普通混凝反应器对某污水厂二级生化出水的处理效果:在相同的pH值、速度梯度、混合及絮凝时间、沉降时间以及相同的混凝剂种类及剂量下,改良混凝反应器对CODCr、总磷(TP)及浊度的去处效果都优于传统的混凝反应器;当达到相同的CODCr,TP和浊度的去除率时,聚合氯化铝(PAC)投加量分别可以降低25%～50%,20%～30%,20%左右,因此可以大大降低成本。可见改良后的反应器通过改善水力条件、增强传质作用,强化了原水和混凝药剂的混合作用,改善了混凝处理效果,提高了各污染物的去处率,给污水厂及再生水厂混凝沉淀工艺的改造提供了借鉴。     

聚合铝的水解形态对混凝过程中磷分布转化的影响

用碱化度不同的混凝剂对水体进行混凝处理,对混凝前后水体中磷的含量、形态分布以及藻类可利用性等进行了研究.结果表明,不同碱化度的混凝剂除磷效果不同,对水体中磷形态分布的影响差别显著;Ala在混凝剂去除磷实验过程中起重要作用,碱化度越低的混凝剂除磷率越高,PACl0除磷效果最好.随着混凝剂(PACl0)投量的增加,水体中溶...     

Speciation characterization and coagulation of poly-silica-ferric-chloride: The role of hydrolyzed Fe(Ⅲ) and silica interaction

The highly efficient inorganic polymer flocculants (IPFs) of the ferric-silica system is a new and promising coagulant. Interactions between ferric species and silica play a large part in the coagulation of suspensions. These effects are quite distinct from those associated with polymeric or colloid silica. However, although these species are key to coagulation efficiency, they have not been comprehensively discussed. A new type of coagulant, poly-silica-ferric-chloride (PFSC), was synthesized by co-polymerization and characterized by time complexation spectroscopy and photon correlation spectroscopy. Compared with traditional ferric salt, the results indicated that PFSC had a higher molecular weight, lesser positive charge, lower Feb and higher Fec. The higher the Si/Fe ratio, the higher the silica and lower the silicac found. The PFSC with appropriate polysilica acid not only obtained better coaguiation/fiocculation efficiency in turbidity removal, enhanced the flocculation index (FI) and provided less residual ferric, it also lowered water treatment costs compared to traditional ferric salt. Results showed that PFSC could remove colloid particles in water by charge neutralization and sweeping,adsorption bridging mechanism.     

Application of a green coagulant with PACl in efficient purification of turbid water and its mechanism study

The applications of natural polymeric flocculants due to their green feature has been recently received much more attention. In this work, the combined usages of a cationic starch-based coagulant and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) were extensively evaluated for various addition sequences in the coagulation of both raw (surface water from the Jiuxiang River) and synthetic turbid water (two kaolin suspensions with different initial turbidities). Two typical cationic starch-based coagulants with different structures (St-G and St-E) were tried. In comparison to St-G, St-E and PACl used individually as well as St-G and St-E dosed after PACl, the combination of the starch-based coagulants fed before PACl showed higher turbidity removal efficiency, which featured not only less optimal doses of both inorganic and organic coagulants but also lower residual turbidity. On the basis of a detailed analysis of the particle size and its distribution in solution supernatants before and after coagulation by two starch-based coagulants and PACl, polymeric coagulants preferentially coagulate the small-sized colloids due to their distinct long-chain structures, but PACl preferentially coagulates the medium-sized ones. Thus, the medium-sized particles that were previously formed by the starch-based coagulants would be collectively and effectively removed by the subsequent addition of PACl. The addition sequence of the inorganic and organic coagulants in their combined usage is an important factor for improvement of the turbidity removal efficiency in practice.     

不同涡流场形态下混凝效能研究

采用粒子成像速度场仪(PIV)对Taylor-Couette反应器中纯水力流场及添加不同混凝剂的混凝过程进行观测与研究,同时对比聚合氯化铝(PAC)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)、三氯化铁(Fe Cl3)的混凝效能与化学条件、水力条件之间的相互关系.结果表明,几种絮凝剂的速度场都较接近于纯水力条件下的速度场,且在波状涡流场中混凝效能最好;Fe Cl3在较宽的转速范围内都能有较高的浊度去除率,而PFS在紊动强度稍大的流场中也能获得好的混凝效能.波状涡流场可为絮凝反应提供最佳的水力条件,而初期波状涡波较有利于产生大粒径絮体,可为后期絮凝反应提供更佳的水力条件.     

改进的混凝气浮装置处理ABS凝聚干燥废水研究

为了有效去除ABS凝聚干燥工段(E区)废水中的悬浮颗粒物,解决传统装置SS去除率低、管道易堵塞和运行不稳定的问题,采用一种改进的混凝气浮装置进行处理,研究了药剂种类、药剂投加量、p H值、水力停留时间、溶气水回流比等工艺参数对ABS凝聚干燥废水中悬浮物去除效果的影响,得出新型混凝气浮装置的最佳工艺运行参数。试验结果表明:在PAC投加量为75 mg/L、阳离子絮凝剂(FO4440SSH)投加量为10 mg/L、水力停留时间12.5 min、回流比为60%的最佳工艺条件下,SS去除率可达96.6%,出水ρ(SS)为29 mg/L。该装置对SS去除效果好,运行稳定,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Effects of fluoride on the removal of cadmium and phosphate by aluminum coagulation

This study focuses on the effects of p H and fluoride at different molar ratios of fluoride to Al(R F:Al) on the removal of cadmium(Cd~(2+)) and phosphate by Al coagulation. Fluoride at R F:Al≥ 3:1 inhibits the removal of Cd over wide Al dose ranges from 5 to 10 mg/L as Al. The removal of phosphate decreases significantly at high R F:Al of 10:1 whereas at lowered R F:Al(i.e., ≤ 6:1), an adverse effect is observed only at insufficient Al doses below 2 mg/L. Fluoride shows inhibitive effects towards the removal of Cd at p H 7 and 8 and that of phosphate at p H 6. Fluoride decreases the ζ-potential in both systems, and the decreasing extent is positively correlated to the elevated R F:Al. The Al fluoride interactions include the formation of Al–F complexes and the adsorption of fluoride onto Al(OH)_3 precipitates, i.e., the formation of Al(OH)n F m. Al–F complex formation inhibits Al hydrolysis and increases residual Al levels, and a more significant increase was observed at lower p H. Al–F complexes at high R F:Al complicate the coagulation behavior of Al towards both negative and positive ionic species. Moreover, fluoride at low R F:Al shows little effect on Al coagulation behavior towards Cd~(2+)and phosphate, and the spent defluoridation adsorbent,i.e., aluminum(Al) hydro(oxide) with adsorbed fluoride at R F:Al of below 0.1:1, may be reclaimed as a coagulant after being dissolved.     

雨水的混凝处理实验研究

通过烧杯混凝实验,考察了聚合氯化铝(PAC)对模拟雨水及实际的天然降雨、屋面径流雨水和道路径流雨水中各污染物的去除效果,确定了最优的药剂投加量;同时对实际雨水进行三维荧光光谱分析.实验结果表明,雨水中主要荧光物质为类蛋白质类.对于模拟雨水,PAC对TP去除效果较好,但对于COD的去除效果并不理想.对于实际雨水,PAC对于各污染物去除效果均较好,天然降雨、屋面径流雨水和道路径流雨水的PAC最佳投加量分别为:3～5 mg/L、10～20 mg/L和25～25 mg/L.这样不仅能节省药剂、降低工程费用,而且还能在很大程度上提高水的混凝沉淀处理效果.     

二氧化氯预氧化对藻类絮体形态的影响

针对高含藻高含盐杨埕水库原水藻类特征,采用聚合氯化铝(PAC)、硫酸铝(AS)、聚合硫酸铁(PFS)和氯化铁(FC)4种混凝剂进行混凝除藻试验,用图像法对藻类絮体的分形维数进行测定,分析混凝剂种类及投量、二氧化氯投加量等因素对混凝除藻效果及藻类絮体形态的影响。结果表明,杨埕水库夏季藻类种属相对较为单一,以小型色球藻、微小平裂藻、不整齐蓝纤维藻为优势藻类;4种混凝剂的除藻性能优劣依次为:AS>PAC>PFS>AC。在AS最佳投加量(以Al2SO4计)70 mg/L下,藻类的去除率为85.3%。此时,杨埕水库夏季藻类以藻类絮体分形维数值为1.54,形成的絮体密实且沉降性好。以AS为混凝剂,投加量为70 mg/L下,二氧化氯投加量为0.8 mg/L时助凝效果最好,藻类的去除率比单独投加AS时提高了6.3%,藻类絮体分形维数值为1.71,形成的藻类絮体更加密实。二氧化氯过量投加无益于藻类去除。     

混凝-微滤膜组合净水工艺中膜过滤特性及其影响因素

采用混凝-微滤膜组合工艺处理微污染原水,间歇抽吸的运行方式连续运行,考察了膜组件的抽吸时间,抽/停时间比和曝气量对膜过滤性能的影响.采用膜通透性J/p作为膜过滤性能的评价指标.结果表明,在各操作条件下,膜通透性J/p由于膜污染的发生均先快速降低,随后随时间缓慢下降.但J/p的初期下降速度和缓慢下降阶段的相对稳定值因操作条件的不同而不同.抽吸时间对膜通透性影响较大,其次为抽/停时间比.在一定的条件下,抽吸时间缩短1/2,产水率可提高2倍;抽/停时间比缩短,产水率可提高50%.当抽吸时间和抽/停时间比分别为15min和3.8时,J/p值较高.曝气量在一定范围内的增加有利于提高膜通透性.本试验中,曝气量由2m³/h增加至4m³/h时,膜通透性可提高约15%,但当曝气量增加到6m3/h时,膜通透性并无显著改善.膜面污染物分析表明,在本研究使用的原水条件下,Si和Ca是主要的无机污染元素.