Simultaneous E. coli inactivation and NOM degradation in river water via photo-Fenton process at natural pH in solar CPC reactor. A new way for enhancing solar disinfection of natural water

Bacteria inactivation and natural organic matter oxidation in river water was simultaneously conducted via photo-Fenton reaction at “natural” pH (6.5) containing 0.6 mg L⁻¹ of Fe³⁺ and 10 mg L⁻¹ of H₂O₂. The experiments were carried out by using a solar compound parabolic collector on river water previously filtered by a slow sand filtration system and voluntarily spiked with Escherichia coli. Fifty five percent of 5.3 mg L⁻¹ of dissolved organic carbon was mineralized whereas total disinfection was observed without re-growth after 24 h in the dark.     

Fate and Transport Modeling of Potential Pathogens: The Contribution From Sediments1

Abstract: Escherichia coli was used as a bacterial tracer for the development, calibration, and validation of a watershed scale fate and transport model to be extended to a suite of reference pathogens (Cryptosporidium, Giardia, Campylobacter, E. coli O157:H7). E. coli densities in water and sediments from the Blackstone River Watershed, Massachusetts, were measured at three sites for a total of five wet weather events and three dry weather events covering three seasons. The confirmed E. coli strains were identified by ribotyping for tracking the sources of E. coli and for determining the association of downstream E. coli isolates with isolates from upstream sediments. A large number of downstream samples were associated with upstream sediment sources of E. coli. E. coli densities ranged from 71 to 6,401 MPN/100 ml in water samples and from 2 to 335 MPN/g in sediments. Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between E. coli and total coliforms in water (r = 0.777, p < 0.01) and sediments (r = 0.728, p < 0.01). In addition, E. coli concentrations in water were weakly correlated with sediment particle size and sediment concentrations (r = 0.298, p < 0.01). A hydrologic model, WATFLOOD/SPL9, was used to predict the temporal and spatial variation of E. coli in the Blackstone River. The rapid rise of stream E. coli densities was more accurately predicted by the model with the inclusion of sediment resuspension, thus demonstrating the importance of the process.     

Investigating the Fate and Transport of Escherichia coli in the Charles River,Boston, Using High‐Resolution Observation and Modeling1

Abstract: The processes affecting the fate and transport of Escherichia coli in surface waters were investigated using high‐resolution observation and modeling. The concentration patterns in Boston’s Charles River were observed during four sampling events with a total of 757 samples, including two spatial surveys with two along‐river (1,500 m length) and three across‐river (600 m length) transects at approximately 25‐m intervals, and two temporal surveys at a fixed location (Community Boating) over seven days at hourly intervals. The data reveal significant spatial and temporal structure at scales not resolved by typical monitoring programs. A mechanistic, time‐variable, three‐dimensional coupled hydrodynamic and water quality model was developed using the ECOMSED and RCA modeling frameworks. The computational grid consists of 3,066 grid cells with average length dimension of 25 m. Forcing functions include upstream and downstream boundary conditions, Stony Brook, and Muddy River (major tributaries) combined sewer overflow (CSO) and non‐CSO discharge and wind. The model generally reproduces the observed spatial and temporal patterns. This includes the presence and absence of a plume in the study area under similar loading, but different hydrodynamic conditions caused by operation of the New Charles River Dam (downstream) and wind. The model also correctly predicts an episode of high concentrations at the time‐series station following seven days of no rainfall. The model has an overall root mean square error (RMSE) of 250 CFU/100 ml and an error rate (above or below the USEPA‐recommended single sample criteria value of 235 CFU/100 ml) of 9.4%. At the time series station, the model has an RMSE of 370 CFU/100 ml and an error rate of 15%.     

矿物尘粒与人体正常细菌相互作用的机制

研究了4种天然及4种人工硅酸盐尘粒与人体的正常细菌大肠埃希菌及表皮葡萄球菌相互作用的机制.测定了矿物粉尘与大肠埃希菌及表皮葡萄球菌作用后的细菌数量、葡萄糖(GLU)消耗量及14种主要阳离子的浓度变化.结果表明,各种粉尘的主要化学组成各不相同,含钙的水泥尘粒以及含镁高的水镁石均能引起大肠埃希菌及表皮葡萄球菌的细菌数量、葡萄糖消耗量增加;各矿物粉尘均不能引起培养基Ti⁴⁺、Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺、K+、Na+、Ba²⁺、P⁵⁺浓度的变化,而能引起Mn²⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Si⁴⁺、Fe³⁺、Al³⁺、Ni³⁺浓度不同的变化;含Ca²⁺或Mg²⁺高的碱性矿物尘粒能促进细菌的生长代谢.     

矿物微尘对大肠杆菌蛋白质合成及酶活性影响

文章对经过矿物微尘处理后大肠杆菌的总蛋白质浓度、SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)同工酶活性和CAT(过氧化氢酶)同工酶活性进行了测定和比较分析。结果表明:矿物微尘对大肠杆菌体内的蛋白质合成有很强的抑制作用,总蛋白质浓度在加入了微尘后表现出明显的下降。但SOD和CAT酶活性随着微尘浓度的增加而提高,表明大肠杆菌对微尘的作用作出了抗逆性反应。     

Effects of repeated-low level sodium chlorate administration on ruminal and fecal coliforms in sheep

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of oral sodium chlorate administration on reducing total coliform populations in ewes. A 30% sodium chlorate product or a sodium chloride placebo was administered to twelve lactating Dorper X Blackbelly or Pelibuey crossbred ewes averaging 65 kg body weight. The ewes were adapted to diet and management. Ewes were randomly assigned (4/treatment) to one of three treatments which were administered twice daily by oral gavage for five consecutive days: a control (TC) consisting of 3 g sodium chloride/animal/d, a T3 treatment consisting of 1.8 g of sodium chlorate/animal/d, and a T9 treatment consisting of 5.4 g sodium chlorate/animal/d; the latter was intended to approximate a lowest known effective dose. Ruminal samples collected by stomach tube and freshly voided fecal samples were collected daily beginning 3 days before treatment initiation and for 6 days thereafter. Contents were cultured quantitatively to enumerate total coliforms. There were no significant differences in total coliform numbers (log₁₀ cfu/g) in the feces between treatments (P = 0.832). There were differences (P < 0.02) in ruminal coliform counts (log₁₀ cfu/mL) between treatments (4.1, 4.3 and 5.0 log₁₀/mL contents in TC, T3 and T9 Treatments, respectively) which tended to increase from the beginning of treatment until the 5th day of treatment (P < 0.05). Overall, we did not obtain the expected results with oral administration of sodium chloride at the applied doses. By comparing the trends in coliform populations in the rumen contents in all treatments, there was an increase over the days. The opposite trend occurred in the feces, due mainly to differences among rumen contents and feces in ewes administered the T9 treatment (P = 0.06). These results suggest that the low chlorate doses used here were suboptimal for the control of coliforms in the gastrointestinal tract of ewes.     

抗生素单一及联合暴露对RP4质粒介导的抗性基因水平转移的hormesis效应研究

抗生素滥用导致的抗性基因(ARGs)泛滥问题引起人们的日益关注。目前关于抗性基因的研究主要集中在环境监测方面,但是关于抗生素对ARGs传播的影响研究还相对缺乏。质粒是ARGs传播的重要载体,因此以基于RP4质粒的大肠杆菌(E.coli)接合转移体系为研究对象,探讨了盐酸四环素、甲氧苄啶、磺胺氯哒嗪、磺胺异唑在单一暴露条件下对RP4质粒接合转移的影响。根据单一暴露的结果设计混合抗生素的浓度比,探究抗生素联合暴露实验对质粒接合转移的影响。结果表明:在单一暴露条件下,只有盐酸四环素对含有四环素抗性的RP4质粒的接合转移频率有低促高抑的hormesis效应;在联合暴露条件下,对RP4质粒接合转移无促进作用的抗生素会抑制四环素的hormesis效应,这一定程度上降低了抗生素的环境风险。并且用受体理论解释了抗生素对质粒接合转移的hormesis效应产生机制,为目前尚无定论的hormesis受体理论机制提供了证据支持。     

Analysis of antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli isolated from the Yitong River in North-east China

The concentrations of four types of antibiotics in the Yitong River were detected. The concentration of total coliforms in summer was higher than that in spring. There was a seasonal difference in antibiotic resistance of E. coli. The E. coli in the Yitong River was found to have multiple antibiotic resistance. The Yitong River is one of the largest secondary tributaries of the Songhua River. The area where the Yitong River flows is densely populated and contains the livestock and poultry breeding areas of north-east China. These areas introduce a high risk of antibiotic contamination. In this study, the concentrations of four types of typical antibiotics including quinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim were determined by solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography. The antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli caused by antibiotic pollution was investigated. The concentration of total coliforms in the Yitong River was detected by the plate counting method. The antibiotic resistance of E. coli to quinolones, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim was analyzed by the Kirby-Bauer method. The results showed that the concentration of total coliforms in the summer was higher than that in the spring. There was a seasonal difference in the resistance rate of E. coli to antibiotics except trimethoprim. The antibiotic resistance to fluoroquinolones was relatively low. The resistance rate to tetracyclines was higher during the summer. Moreover, resistance to several antibiotics was observed in all sections. This study provides basic data for research on pollution characteristics and prevention of antibiotic exposure in rivers.     

大肠杆菌植酸酶在毕赤酵母中的表达与纯化

为探讨植酸酶的结构与功能,研究了来源于大肠杆菌的植酸酶基因在酵母中的表达和纯化条件.将含有大肠杆菌植酸酶基因的毕赤酵母工程菌在不同甲醇浓度和不同诱导时间下培养,检测植酸酶的表达情况.结果表明:诱导培养基中一次性添加2.5%的甲醇,诱导96 h后,蛋白浓度达到1.36 mg mL-1,酶活力达到6 530 U mL-1;将在毕赤酵母中表达的植酸酶粗酶液经过硫酸铵盐析、Resource S柱和Superdex-75三步纯化,得到单峰纯的蛋白,比活力为137 280 Umg-1.用圆二色谱分析纯化后的蛋白在pH 5.0和8.0环境中的结构变化,结果显示pH 8.0环境使大肠杆菌植酸酶发生了变性.图3参16     

矿物微尘对人体肠道大肠杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌的体外作用研究

研究了采集自居住环境的矿物微尘对人体肠道菌群主要代表性菌株大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和嗜酸乳杆菌 (Lactobacillus acidophilus)的体外作用.测定了矿物微尘对培养基pH值的影响,微尘与菌体共同作用后培养基pH值的变化,并用活菌计数法检测了矿物微尘对大肠杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌生长的影响.结果表明微尘对大肠杆菌的生长起抑制作用.培养基中矿物微尘质量分数达3%时即对大肠杆菌生长有显著抑制作用,微尘质量分数达20%时,大肠杆菌生长受到完全抑制.微尘质量分数在3%～20%这一较宽幅度内,大肠杆菌虽受抑制但能生长,说明大肠杆菌耐受矿物微尘影响的能力较强.矿物微尘对嗜酸乳杆菌生长影响复杂,培养基中矿物微尘质量分数低时起促进作用,质量分数较高时起抑制作用.微尘质量分数达5%时,嗜酸乳杆菌生长即受到完全抑制.嗜酸乳杆菌耐受矿物微尘影响的能力较弱,远小于大肠杆菌.结果还表明矿物微尘影响大肠杆菌与嗜酸乳杆菌生长的主要因素是微尘本身的化学成分与物理性质,微尘的碱性因素对大肠杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌有一定影响,但不是主要影响因素.