超声波辅助化学萃取对某工业场地铅污染土壤修复效果研究

以某铅蓄电池厂污染场地5个铅污染区域(WS、A、B、C及BZ)的土壤为研究对象,对土壤中铅全量及各形态含量进行分析.在0.1 mol.L-1EDTA,30 min,25℃相同条件下,使用超声波辅助化学洗脱(ultrasonic-assisted chemical extraction,UCE)与传统化学洗脱(conventional chemical extraction,CCE)两种不同的作用方式,对铅的去除效率进行比较,并对两种不同清洗方式后铅的形态变化进行了探讨.结果表明,UCE对铅的去除效率显著优于CCE.在CCE作用下,5份污染土壤WS、A、B、C、BZ铅的去除效率依次为10.06%、48.29%、48.69%、53.28%及36.26%,而UCE作用下铅的去除效率依次为22.42%、69.31%、71.00%、74.49%及71.58%,平均效率高出22%.通过对比两种清洗方式后土壤中的铅形态发现,酸可提取态在UCE作用后持平或有所降低,但CCE后使酸溶态有增高的趋势;对于铁锰氧化态,UCE对其有着极好的去除能力,可达98%左右,同时对有机物及硫化物结合态、残渣态也具有较好的去除能力.因此,UCE在化学萃取中的应用具有一定的可行性,是一种简单、极快速去除污染场地中重金属铅的增效手段.     

缙云山土地利用方式对土壤活性有机质及其碳库管理指数的影响

通过选取缙云山向阳坡同一海拔高度处的亚热带常绿阔叶林(简称林地)、坡耕地、果园和撂荒地,测定分析0~60 cm深度土壤样品有机质及3种活性有机质组分含量,从而揭示了西南地区缙云山不同土地利用方式对土壤有机质、3种活性有机质及其有效率(ER)以及碳库管理指数(CMI)的影响.结果表明,4种土地利用方式下,土壤有机质、活性有机质含量以及ER和CMI均随土壤深度的增加而降低,其中土壤有机质、活性有机质及其CMI的剖面分布趋势相似,林地土壤有机质、活性有机质及其CMI主要富集在0~10 cm土层,果园主要富集在0~20 cm土层,而坡耕地和撂荒地从上而下的降低则比较均匀.在0~60 cm土壤深度内的土壤有机质以及3种活性有机质平均含量均为撂荒地>林地>果园>坡耕地,将林地转变为果园和坡耕地后,有机质含量分别降低了21.56%(P>0.05)和55.90%(P<0.05),将坡耕地闲置撂荒后,有机质、低、中、高活性有机质含量分别升高了238.86%(P<0.05)、144.2%(P<0.05)、153.3%(P<0.05)和242.7%(P<0.05).方差分析发现3种土壤ER在不同土地利用方式之间并无明显差异,表明土壤ER对土地利用变化并不敏感.不同土地利用方式下3种活性有机质CMI均为撂荒地最高,林地次之,果园和坡耕地最低,表明林地开垦导致土壤碳截存降低,土壤向着质量退化的方向发展,而坡耕地撂荒则增强了土壤的碳汇功能,土壤质量向着良性方向发展.3种活性有机质与全氮、速效磷和速效钾呈极显著正相关关系,与土壤容重呈极显著负相关关系,表明活性有机质与土壤理化性质关系密切,是反映土壤养分和衡量土壤质量的重要指标.     

基于模糊层次分析法的某超高层建筑疏散效率分析

超高层建筑人员疏散效率直接影响建筑安全水平。基于模糊层次分析法(FAHP),构建了评价超高层建筑疏散效率的指标体系,分析了各因素对疏散效率的影响。结果表明疏散宽度和人员数量对疏散效率影响较大。通过人员疏散软件对评估结果进行了验证。疏散效率结果与人员疏散模拟软件的计算结果基本吻合,能较准确地预测各因素变化所带来的影响,但对于人员数量较少时疏散宽度发生变化的情况尚不能完全适用。     

注汽锅炉烟气余热利用技术应用

通过对注汽锅炉烟气余热利用潜力分析和开展余热利用方式对比分析,采用了在对流段安装热管换热器,通过换热器将烟气余热与助燃空气换热,余热利用技术的现场应用,实现了注汽锅炉燃料单耗降低的目的,取得良好的节能效果。     

辽宁沿海经济带港口竞争力和效率评价——基于主成分分析和数据包络分析

通过建立合理的指标体系,使用主成分分析法评价辽宁沿海经济带港口整体竞争力,发现统计期间内其竞争力不断增强,交通配套设施在此期间始终停滞不前甚至下降,是整体竞争力提升的一个消极因素.将计算结果代入DEA方法评价其效率,发现辽宁沿海经济带港口管理较好,在2004年之后效率始终保持较高水平,仍然有继续提升的空间.     

白水江国家自然保护区野生中药材资源现状研究——基于保护区白马河保护站管辖区的实地调查

通过实地考察、问卷调查和半结构式访谈,对白水江国家自然保护区白马河保护站管辖区的野生中药材资源现状进行了研究.结果表明,项目区共有野生中药材88种,隶属于39科82属,主要采集种有14种,其中社区居民经常采集的有10种.这10种中药材的蕴藏量在2006-2010年间呈下降趋势,但下降幅度在减小;采集量和交易量逐年下降,而收购价格则逐年攀升.     

秦皇岛市污染源自动监控工作现状及对策

在对秦皇岛市污染源自动监控工作现状进行分析的基础上,结合秦皇岛市自动监控工作存在的问题,提出了建立和完善政策体系、严格自动监控设备市场准入制度、推进第三方机构运营管理和加大资金投入等可操作性的对策。     

Measurement of agricultural total factor productivity growth incorporating environmental factors: A nutrients balance approach

This article proposes to use nutrient-orientated environmental efficiency (EE) measures to construct a nutrient total factor productivity index (NTFP). Since nutrient-orientated EE measures are consistent with the materials balance principle, NTFP index is superior to other existing TFP indexes. An empirical study on the environmental performance of an agricultural sector in 30 OECD countries from 1990 to 2003 yielded several important findings. First, these countries should be able to produce current outputs with at least 50% less aggregate eutrophying power, implying that they should have been able to substantially reduce the potential for eutrophication. Second, traditional TFP has grown by 1.6% per annum due to technical progress; however, there are lags in the responses of several countries to this technical progress. Third, environmental TFP has grown at a slower rate than traditional TFP growth due to reductions in nutrient-orientated allocative efficiency. Finally, changes in input combinations could have significantly improved environmental efficiency and productivity. These findings favor policy interventions and faster technological transfer to improve environmental performance.     

高压液相色谱法测定地表水和饮用水中的阿特拉津

通过条件实验,建立了水体中阿特拉津的高效液相色谱检测法,以ODS C18柱为色谱柱,甲醇:水=60:40为流动相,检测波长225nm,柱温40℃,用二氯甲烷萃取,外标法定量,线性范围为0.02～10.0mg/L,相关系数达0.9999,采样体积为500 ml时,方法检出限为0.012μg/L,精密度在2.5%～11.4...     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.