Experiments on mixing and dissipation in internal solitary waves over two triangular obstacles

A series of laboratory experiments was undertaken in a stratified two-layer fluid to investigate the energetics of the interaction between an internal solitary wave (ISW) and triangular obstacles, as well as to determine the partitioning of ISW energy and its subsequent dynamics. The ISW energy was dissipated as a result of internal breaking and turbulent mixing induced by wave instability. Tests involving different combinations of triangular obstacles in various heights and intervals and ISW of different amplitudes were performed. The wave features resulting from the interaction of an ISW and double obstacles were found to differ from those of single obstacle. The incident energy of an ISW was either reflecting back from the obstacles, dissipated through turbulent mixing, or transmitted over the double obstacles. Reduction in wave energy increased as the intervals between obstacles reduced. For two obstacles in different heights, energy dissipation was greater in the case with a higher obstacle ahead of a lower one. However, the overall performance was dependent on the relative height of the obstacles, relative water depth of the upper and bottom layer, in addition to the intervals between the obstacles.     

消耗臭氧层物质对平流层臭氧的影响预测

采用美国戈达德航天中心的雨云气象卫星臭氧全球网格资料,从中截取中国大陆主体部分(69.375°E～139.375°E、14.5°N～54.5°N)的数据,分析臭氧柱浓度变化的统计特性.结果表明,1979～1998年,大陆主体上空区域的臭氧柱浓度下降趋势明显,青藏高原上空的臭氧柱浓度下降速度较全国水平略快.假定其他缔约国均履行蒙特利尔议定书的前提下,以1980年臭氧柱浓度情形为基准,利用臭氧柱浓度与消耗臭氧层物质浓度之间的关系,预测了中国履行蒙特利尔议定书与不履行两种情形下,2001～2050年中国上空臭氧柱浓度变化情况.结果表明,中国履约受控情形下,2050年大陆主体部分上空的臭氧柱浓度将与其1980年的水平相近;不受控情形下,柱浓度将持续下降,2050年整个大陆主体上空绝大部分地区臭氧柱浓度值均低于240DU.     

多轴差分吸收光谱仪对大气污染物SO2、NO2、O3的立体监测

多轴差分吸收光谱仪（MAX—DOAS）是用来监测大气中痕量气体成分的专用仪器,它能同时自动监测SO2、NO2和03三种污染气体,得到的垂直柱浓度对研究污染物的时空分布特点具有重要意义。分析了2011年5月下旬至2012年4月中旬期间MAX—DOAS在重庆市的测量数据,结果表明：夏季SO2的柱浓度高于其它季节,并在每个季节都出现了峰值：SO2与NO2之间浓度变化趋势相同,且最大小时浓度值都集中在上午;O3垂直柱浓度受气象条件和臭氧前体物的影响呈夏季高、秋冬低的季节性变化;通过多元回归建立了O3柱浓度与气象因素、前体物的关系式。     

Laboratory-scale column study for remediation of TCE-contaminated aquifers using three-section controlled-release potassium permanganate barriers

A laboratory-scale study with a sand column was designed to simulate trichloroethylene(TCE) pollution in the aquifer environment with three-section controlled-release potassium permanganate(CRP) barriers.The main objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of CRP barriers in remediation of TCE in aquifers in a long-term and controlled manner.CRP particles with a 1:3 molar ratio of KMnO 4 to stearic acid showed the best controlled-release properties in pure water,and the theoretical release time was 138.5 days.The results of TCE removal in the test column indicated that complete removal efficiency of TCE in a sand column by three-section CRP barriers could be reached within 15 days.The molar ratio of KMnO 4 to TCE in the three-section CRP barriers was 16:1,which was much lower than 82:1 as required when KMnO 4 solution is used directly to achieve complete destruction of TCE.This result revealed that the efficiency of CRP for remediation of TCE was highly improved after encapsulation.     

Growth characteristics of algae during early stages of phytoplankton bloom in Lake Taihu, China

Three treatments, sediment plus lake water (S+W), sterilized sediment plus lake water (SS+W), and sediment plus filtered lake water (S+FW), were recruited to investigate the growth characteristics of algae during pre-bloom and the importance of algal inocula in the water column and sediment. The results showed that in the water column, biomass of all algae increased in all treatments when recruitment was initiated, whereas this tendency differed among treatments with further increment of temperature. The process of algal growth consisted of two stages: Stage I, the onset of recruitment and Stage II, the subsequent growth of algae. Compared with S+W, in Stage I, SS+W significantly increased the biomass of cyanophytes by 178.70%, and decreased the biomass of non-cyanophytes by 43.40%; In Stage II, SS+W notably stimulated the growth of all algae, thus incurring the occurrence of phytoplankton bloom. Further analyses revealed that both metabolic activity and photochemical activity of algae were enhanced in SS+W, which resulted from the releasing of nutrients from sediment. These results suggest that algal growth in Stage II and algal inocula in the water column can be important factors for the formation of phytoplankton bloom. In addition, possible mechanisms promoting algal recruitment and subsequent growth of algae were explored.     

再生水灌水水平对土壤重金属及致病菌分布的影响

为了探讨再生水不同灌水水平对土壤重金属、活性微生物和典型环境致病菌分布的影响,采用室内土柱灌水实验,研究再生水、自来水不同灌水水平对土壤重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn和土壤细菌、真菌、大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌分布的影响.结果表明：相同灌水水平下,与自来水灌溉处理相比,再生水灌溉处理下土壤重金属含量略有提高,但仍远低于《土壤环境质量标准》[GB15618-1995]限值,因此短期再生水灌溉不会造成土壤重金属污染;再生水不同灌水水平对比分析表明,充分灌溉相比非充分灌溉提高了表层土壤Cd、Pb含量,Cu、Zn含量无明显差异.此外,相同灌水水平下,再生水灌溉相比自来水显著提高了表层土壤细菌总数和大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌数量,对土壤真菌总数影响不大;再生水不同灌水水平对比分析表明,充分灌溉相比非充分灌溉显著提高了表层土壤细菌和真菌总数及大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌数量.土壤重金属与土壤活性微生物及典型环境致病菌之间的相关性分析表明,土壤Cd、Pb、Zn含量与土壤细菌、真菌总数及大肠菌群、大肠埃希氏菌数量之间呈正相关性,推断较低含量重金属对土壤活性微生物及典型致病菌的生长繁殖存在一定程度上的刺激作用.因此,再生水灌溉促进了土壤活性微生物的繁衍,并且在一定程度上增加了土壤重金属和环境致病菌的污染风险;合理控制再生水灌水水平可以有效阻控土壤重金属和致病菌含量.     

基于卫星遥感的湖南省甲醛时空分布及影响因素分析

利用OMI遥感的甲醛逐日数据、MODIS传感器监测的NDVI数据以及湖南省能源消耗和氮氧化物排放量数据,对2009～2017年湖南省对流层大气中甲醛柱浓度时空变化特征及其影响因素进行了探究。结果表明：湖南省甲醛柱浓度总体空间分布具有西部山区低、北部洞庭湖平原和南部南岭地区高的特征;近九年湖南省甲醛柱浓度时间分布呈先增加后减小的趋势,最高值出现在2012年,最低值出现在2017年;年内甲醛柱浓度值夏季最高,秋季、春季次之,冬季最低,最低值出现在12月,最高值出现于9月;影响因素中地形与风向因素对甲醛柱浓度的空间分布有一定的影响,甲醛柱浓度与温度的相关性较高,降水次之,植被对甲醛的产生有很大的贡献,能源消耗与氮氧化物排放是湖南省甲醛柱浓度变化的重要人为因素。     

围隔实验中浒苔在不同营养盐条件下的生长比较

近年来浒苔在我国黄海海区大规模暴发,给沿海海区造成了严重的环境问题.为了探究营养盐对浒苔生长的影响,2012年5月在黄海海区进行了现场船基围隔实验.实验共设置12个围隔装置,9种不同的营养盐条件.实验发现,浒苔对营养盐有极强的吸收能力,生长能力很强,在营养盐适中时,相对生长率最高可达82%,即使在低营养盐条件下也会保持10%左右的生长速率.在磷酸盐含量适中时,高浓度的硝酸盐更能促进浒苔的生长;充足、连续的营养盐补充是浒苔绿潮暴发的物质基础.通过浒苔吸收的营养盐含量估算其光合作用产生有机物的质量,发现与浒苔湿重增加量有着良好的线性关系.     

Influence of complexation on lead(II) and cadmium(II) percolation through a clay liner

Wastes are usually stocked in waste disposals without any pre-treatment. Runoff waters lead to the formation of leachates containing mineral and organic pollutants. In order to prevent groundwater contamination, a double barrier is placed on the landfill bottom. The first one is an active barrier made up of a draining system and a geomembrane, and the second one, consisting of a clay liner allowing pollutant retention, is considered as a passive system. The aim of this work is to evaluate the complexation impact on the organic and inorganic retention. Percolations on columns filled with clay are performed, which allow a better knowledge of the transfer of metallic pollutants, complexed or not, through a model porous media, considering charge and conditional stability of complexes.     

Interactions in male baboons: the importance of both males’ testosterone

To date, research on testosterone and behavior has focused on individuals, even when studying social behaviors that necessarily involve multiple participants. Here, we explore male responses to other males of different dominance ranks and testosterone levels in a population of wild baboons. In chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) of the Okavango Delta, a male’s testosterone is related to his rank trajectory and, therefore, the threat he poses to other males. To examine the effects of testosterone and rank on male–male interactions, we used playback experiments to measure how a target male responded to the simulated approach of another male, scoring responses by whether or not the subject moved away from the speaker in the first minute. High testosterone subjects did not move away from the speaker more often than low testosterone subjects, but high testosterone callers elicited a move more often than low testosterone callers. When the combined testosterone of the subject and caller was high, moves were most common. The rank relationship between subject and caller did not predict moves, but the effect of combined testosterone on moving was most pronounced in adjacently ranked males. Adjacently ranked, high testosterone males are the most likely to be competing for each others’ rank, and our experiments on these dyads elicited the most moves. Both behavioral and experimental observations indicate that testosterone may be more important than the rank relationship in predicting the outcome of male–male interactions. Furthermore, combined information on the testosterone of both males was the best predictor of results, highlighting the utility of dyadic analyses when relating testosterone to behavior.