用清洁方法从喜树果中提取白桦脂酸等有效成分

利用聚酰胺柱层析法,用3倍床体积的60%的乙醇洗脱,可以较有效地从喜树果中提取白桦脂酸,这是一种简单、易行、环保、有效的提取白桦脂酸的方法,是目前有效提取白桦脂酸的最简单的方法,本方法还能同时分离提取喜树碱,羟基喜树碱等有效成分。     

污泥土地利用中重金属铜在土壤中的迁移行为

研究通过模拟土柱淋溶实验来研究污泥土地利用中重金属铜在土壤中的迁移行为。结果表明污泥土地利用会明显增加土壤中铜的总量,但大部分集中在40 cm以上的土壤中。通过BCR连续提取法发现,经淋溶后耕作层（0 cm~30 cm）土壤中的铜仍然以残渣态为主（占50%以上）,但能被植物利用的酸溶/可交换态和可还原态铜有了明显的增加。与去离子水相比,模拟酸雨（pH=4.5）会使土壤中铜的淋溶强度增加,并更能促使其向下迁移。     

有机化学实验教学中的污染控制

基础化学实验涉及学科专业门类多,实验排放大量的各种各样的污染物,大多没有进行处理就直接排放,针对目前现状,论述有机化学实验教学中污染控制的重要性,通过采用性质实验压缩化、经典合成小量化、实验资源循环化手段,充分发挥学生的主体作用,培养学生的创新能力,逐步减少有机实验污巢,实现有机实验绿色化的设想。     

典型有机污染物影响下海水二氧化碳体系变化的室内模拟研究

通过室内模拟实验,研究了典型有机污染物［乙醇、丙酮、尿素(ON)和多灭磷(OP)］对海水pH和二氧化碳体系的影响.结果表明,t=7　d时,低浓度的醇和酮（<0.5 mmol·L^-1）促进生物固碳体系生长,相应水体中的pH值升高,而DIC、HCO^-₃和p(CO²)与对照组相比都明显下降（p<0.01）;引起DIC、HCO^-₃及p(CO²)下降幅度最大的醇和酮浓度分别为0.25 mmol·L^-1和0.1 mmol·L^-1. 当醇、酮达到一定浓度后,藻类固碳能力开始下降,甚至分解并转化为无机碳,从而引起DIC、HCO^-₃和p(CO²)含量的升高及pH值的下降.实验设计范围内的ON和OP添加组中,上述二氧化碳体系各组分含量与其初始值相比,均呈现负变化,即对应水体中DIC、HCO^-₃和p(CO²)均在降低.t=7　d时, 4种典型有机污染物影响下的DIC变化幅度(ΔDIC)与相应水体中孔石莼干重变化量(Δm)呈现显著负相关（p<0.01或p<0.05）,相关系数分别为：-0.902、 -0.945、 -0.898和-0.918.造成以上差异的原因与生物固碳体系在不同种类不同浓度有机污染作用下对海水二氧化碳利用性不同有关.     

湿法脱硫鼓泡塔工艺应用分析

就华能淮阴电厂安装的鼓泡塔脱硫工艺进行分析,介绍了锅炉及其辅机参数和鼓泡塔参数、鼓泡塔工艺及应用状况．并就设备运营中的出现的问题进行了分析和研究。     

海洋环境下飞机典型接地柱防腐蚀设计研究

目的研究海洋环境对典型接地柱防腐蚀安装设计的影响。方法以×型飞机某半封闭关键部位安装的接地柱为研究对象,设计三种防腐蚀安装方法,并在实验室环境谱下开展加速腐蚀试验,借助宏观、微观检测及接触电阻测试,对不同类型的试验件开展检测与测试。结果两周期实验室加速试验结束后,采用直接安装模式的接地柱因底座腐蚀而无法检测接触电阻;采用填角安装模式的接地柱外观腐蚀严重,但其内部仍为电接触;采用封包安装模式的接地柱其内部被密封剂保护完好。结论三种接地柱防腐蚀安装设计方法各有利弊,可根据结构的局部环境特点视情选择。     

钢筋混凝土偏心受压短柱尺寸效应研究

现行钢筋混凝土结构设计方法是基于小尺寸构件的试验研究建立起来的,大尺寸构件的设计的科学性和合理性有待进一步研究.本文制作2组4根钢筋混凝土偏心受压短柱,偏心距为0.6h0,试件的截面几何尺寸分别为200 mm×200 mm、400 mm × 400 mm.研究相同偏心距下,不同尺寸的钢筋混凝土偏心受压短柱的破坏特征,极...     

The potential to increase soil carbon stocks through reduced tillage or organic material additions in England and Wales: A case study

Results from the UK were reviewed to quantify the impact on climate change mitigation of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks as a result of (1) a change from conventional to less intensive tillage and (2) addition of organic materials including farm manures, digested biosolids, cereal straw, green manure and paper crumble. The average annual increase in SOC deriving from reduced tillage was 310 kg C ± 180 kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Even this accumulation of C is unlikely to be achieved in the UK and northwest Europe because farmers practice rotational tillage. N₂O emissions may increase under reduced tillage, counteracting increases in SOC. Addition of biosolids increased SOC (in kg C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ t⁻¹ dry solids added) by on average 60 ± 20 (farm manures), 180 ± 24 (digested biosolids), 50 ± 15 (cereal straw), 60 ± 10 (green compost) and an estimated 60 (paper crumble). SOC accumulation declines in long-term experiments (>50 yr) with farm manure applications as a new equilibrium is approached. Biosolids are typically already applied to soil, so increases in SOC cannot be regarded as mitigation. Large increases in SOC were deduced for paper crumble (>6 t C ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) but outweighed by N₂O emissions deriving from additional fertiliser. Compost offers genuine potential for mitigation because application replaces disposal to landfill; it also decreases N₂O emission.     

离子交换树脂法高效提取水中硝酸盐研究

硝酸盐是水体中重要的污染物之一,硝酸盐中的稳定氮氧同位素组成可用于有效识别其污染来源,而水体中硝酸盐的高效提取是其氮氧同位素测试的前提和关键步骤。阴离子树脂交换法提取硝酸盐是目前普遍采用的方法,但对于提取效率的影响因素还缺乏深入研究。文章通过室内实验,探讨了国产717型阴离子树脂对硝酸盐的吸附效率,以及不同洗脱剂的洗脱效率,系统研究了水体中硝酸盐高效提取过程影响因素。结果表明:12.56 mL体积的国产717型树脂对NO3-的吸附量高达200 mg以上;40 mL 4 mol/L的KCl溶液对4 cm长的吸附树脂柱(直径2 cm)的洗脱效率可达95%以上;SO42-的对NO3-的吸附和洗脱具有显著的影响。     

Activities of Po and Pb in the water column at Kuala Selangor, Malaysia

Natural radionuclides, such as ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb were measured in the water samples collected from six stations at Kuala Selangor, Malaysia. Results for ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb in dissolved and particulate phases have showed the difference in distribution and chemical behavior. The fluctuation activities of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb depend on wave action, geology and degree of fresh water input occurring at study areas and probably due to different sampling dates. The distribution coefficient, K_d, values of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb ranged from 2.0 × 10³ l g⁻¹ to 265.15 × 10⁵ l g⁻¹, and from 3.0 × 10³ l g⁻¹ to 558.16 × 10⁵ l g⁻¹, respectively. High K_d values of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb indicated that a strong adsorption of ²¹⁰Po and ²¹⁰Pb onto suspended particles, and the sinking of both nuclides on the seabed at study locations were controlled by the characteristics of suspended particles.