TBP柱填料萃取回收铁钍渣浸出液中钍的研究

将ＴＢＰ固定于多孔载体上，用于萃取硝酸水溶液中的钍。实验表明，萃取分配比高，萃取容量大，能有效地防止乳化现象。将ＴＢＰ柱填料制备成填充柱，对含Ｔｈ＾４＋，Ｆｅ＾３＋和Ｃｅ＾３＋的铁钍渣浸出液进行萃取实验得出：当溶液硝酸浓度为４ｍｏｌ／ｌ，接触时间为１０ｍｉｎ时，萃余液中Ｔｈ＾４＋浓度粘于０．０１ｍｇ／ｌ。１ｇＴＢＰ柱填料可萃取的０．２５ｇ，反萃液中钍浓度为６２．５ｇ／ｌ，Ｆｅ＾３＋和Ｃｅ＾３＋的含     

基于OMI数据研究中国对流层甲醛时空分布特征及变化趋势

利用OMI卫星遥感反演的甲醛柱浓度数据,结合MEGAN模式和MEIC排放清单研究了2005—2016年中国对流层甲醛柱浓度的时空特征和长期变化趋势,以及甲醛柱浓度的季节差异与排放源和地面风场的关系.结果表明,中国对流层甲醛柱浓度呈西低东高的空间分布特征,且高值区域主要分布在华北平原、长江三角洲、珠江三角洲及四川盆地等人为源排放较高的中东部地区.中国甲醛柱浓度存在明显的季节差异,表现为夏季秋季春季冬季.天然源VOCs和人为源VOCs排放均对甲醛柱浓度季节变化具有重要影响,光化学反应与气象条件在其中所起到的作用也不可忽略.生物源排放变化对甲醛年际变化趋势的影响不显著,中国东部地区甲醛柱浓度呈上升趋势主要是由于气候变率和人为因素的共同影响所致.     

Arsenic mobilization from soils in the presence of herbicides

Arsenic(As) mobilization in soils is a fundamental step controlling its transport and fate,especially in the presence of the co-existing components. In this study, the effect of two commonly used herbicides, glyphosate(PMG) and dicamba, and two competing ions including phosphate and humic acid, on As desorption and release was investigated using batch and column experiments. The batch kinetics results showed that As desorption in the presence of competing factors conformed to the pseudo-second order kinetics at pH range of 5–9. The impact of phosphate on desorption was greatest, followed by PMG. The competitive effect of dicamba and humic acid was at the same level with electrolyte solution. In situ flow cell ATR-FTIR analysis was performed to explore the mechanism of phosphate and PMG impact on As mobilization. The results showed that PMG promoted As(Ⅲ) desorption by competiting for available adsorption sites with no change in As(Ⅲ)complexing structure. On the other hand, phophate changed As(Ⅲ) surface complexes from bidentate to monodentate structures, exhibiting the most siginficant effect on As(Ⅲ)desorption. As(Ⅴ) surface complexes remained unchanged in the presence of PMG and phosphate, implying that the competitive effect for As(Ⅴ) desorption was primarily determined by the available adsorption sites. Long-term(10 days) soil column experiments suggested that the effect of humic acid on As mobilization became pronounced from 3 days(18 PVs). The insights of this study help us understand the transport and fate of As due to herbicides application.     

Seasonal variation in surface ozone and its regional characteristics at global atmosphere watch stations in China

We investigated the seasonal and spatial ozone variations in China by using three-year surface ozone observation data from the six Chinese Global Atmosphere Watch(GAW)stations and tropospheric column ozone data from satellite retrieval over the period2010–2012. It is shown that the seasonal ozone variations at these GAW stations are rather different, particularly between the western and eastern locations. Compared with western China, eastern China has lower background ozone levels. However, the Asian summer monsoon(ASM) can transport photochemical pollutants from the southern to the northern areas in eastern China, leading to a northward gradual enhancement of background ozone levels at the eastern GAW stations. Over China, the tropospheric column ozone densities peak during spring and summer in the areas that are directly and/or indirectly affected by the ASM, and the peak time lags from the south to the north in eastern China. We also investigated the regional representativeness of seasonal variations of ozone at the six Chinese GAW stations using the yearly maximum tropospheric column month as indicator.The results show that the seasonal variation characteristics of ozone revealed by the Chinese GAW stations are typical, with each station having a considerable large surrounding area with the ozone maximum occurring at the same month. Ozone variations at the GAW stations are influenced by many complex factors and their regional representativeness needs to be investigated further in a broader sense.     

声子晶体型高速公路声屏障的降噪性能

利用高速公路改扩建工程产生的大量废旧护栏立柱,针对高速公路轮胎-路面主要噪声,建立三种二维气-固型声子晶体声屏障.利用Comsol Multiphysics计算相应的能带结构,并探究带隙的影响因素.结果表明3种形式均可以产生相应的带隙;散射体壁厚大小对于带隙宽度影响很小,但采用空心散射体可以在低频产生一条完全禁带;对散射体进行开口处理可以有效增加低频带隙宽度;当晶格填充率增大至0.5后,随着填充率增大,从高频到低频依次产生完全禁带,且带隙总宽度增大;通过仿真模拟与室内实验相结合的方式验证了声屏障的降噪特性,声屏障在带隙范围内具有良好的降噪性能,相较直立同规格复合板声屏障,低频降噪效果提升1~16dB,高频降噪效果提升1~2dB,但在1600Hz后,声子晶体声屏障降噪效果不及复合板声屏障,降噪效果受周期数影响较大.声子晶体声屏障可实现新型降噪理念与绿色环保的有机结合.     

基于广州塔观测的城市近地面甲醛垂直分布特征

为探究珠江三角洲城区大气甲醛的垂直分布特征,本研究首次在广州塔上3个不同高度点开展了甲醛的同步观测.在2018年秋季连续32 d使用2,4-二硝基苯肼（DNPH）法采集午间1 h甲醛样品,并通过高效液相色谱（HPLC）进行分析.结果表明,广州塔地面、118 m点和488 m点的甲醛浓度均值分别为（5.10±1.93）、（6.61±2.84）和（5.33±2.55）μg·m^-3.3个高度观测点的甲醛浓度均与大气氧化剂O_x存在正相关性（R为0.65~0.75）,表明光化学过程是广州市城区甲醛的重要来源.甲醛垂直浓度廓线依据分布形状分为3类,出现频率最高的一类为上下低中间高,发生在边界层对流较为温和、光化学反应活跃的状态下,中高层（118 m）可能受到来自较远处的工业高架源传输影响.根据垂直浓度梯度估算出广州塔点的甲醛垂直柱浓度均值为（11.23±4.80）×10¹⁵ molecules·cm^-2,比同期卫星提供的甲醛柱浓度低19%,和已有报道值数量级一致.     

Fe3O4/GO对水溶液中Cd(II)去除的影响因素

为探索高效且快速去除水溶液中Cd （Ⅱ）污染方法,采用自制磁性四氧化三铁负载氧化石墨烯（Fe₃O₄/GO）纳米复合材料对水溶液中Cd （Ⅱ）进行去除,利用单因素实验确定影响因素水平范围（初始Cd （Ⅱ）浓度、温度、反应时间、初始pH值）,并采用响应面法（RSM）及人工神经网络-遗传算法（ANN-GA）对去除水溶液中Cd （Ⅱ）的影响因素（4因素3水平）进行优化,利用等温吸附、动力学及热力学参数研究吸附剂性能.通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪及超导量子干涉器件（SQUID）对复合材料表征.结果表明,平均粒径为30.9nm的磁性Fe₃O₄/GO纳米复合材料被成功制备.RSM用于磁性Fe₃O₄/GO纳米复合材料对水溶液中Cd （Ⅱ）去除条件优化,预测去除率达到86.451%,验证试验为82.220%,对应条件：温度为20.14℃,反应时间为57.78min,初始pH值为6.41和初始Cd （Ⅱ）浓度为11.18mg/L; ANN-GA优化条件后的预测去除率为89.722%,验证试验为87.723%,相应条件：温度为29.96℃,pH值为5.49,初始Cd （Ⅱ）浓度为28.36mg/L,反应时间为65.78min.根据模型R²值,预测的最大去除率及验证试验,ANN-GA模型性能及预测能力均高于RSM.RSM方差分析表明4个因素对磁性Fe₃O₄/GO纳米复合材料去除水溶液中Cd （Ⅱ）的影响大小为：初始Cd （Ⅱ）浓度>温度>反应时间>pH值.吸附机理分析结果显示,Fe₃O₄/GO纳米复合材料对Cd （Ⅱ）吸附过程同时存在着物理吸附和化学吸附.结合ANN-GA优化,利用磁铁实现且快速分离,磁性Fe₃O₄/GO纳米复合材料用于去除Cd （Ⅱ）是可行的.关键字：Cd （Ⅱ）;四氧化三铁负载氧化石墨烯;单因素实验;响应面法;人工神经网络-遗传算法中图分类号：X53     

基于Sentinel-5P卫星的中国NO2浓度遥感监测

NO₂是重要的痕量气体,对其监测有助于大气污染治理。本文基于Sentinel-5P大气污染监测卫星提供的对流层NO₂浓度数据和总NO₂浓度数据,借助谷歌地球引擎(google earth engine,GEE)分析了2018~2021年间中国大气NO₂浓度时空变化特征,使用OLS模型揭示了中国地区NO₂浓度的主要影响因子。结果表明:我国对流层NO₂浓度空间分布呈现东高西低的总体格局,东中部城市群对流层NO₂柱浓度水平明显呈现冬高夏低、春秋过渡的季节特征,西部大部分城市的四季变化不明显。北京、深圳、上海3所城市NO₂柱浓度分布呈现出较为显著的圈层结构。OLS模型结果表明,中国地区NO₂浓度变化受到社会经济和自然因素的共同影响,其中城市化程度是影响NO₂排放的重要因子。     

Tying enforcement to prices in emissions markets: An experimental evaluation

We present results from laboratory emissions permit markets designed to investigate the transmission of abatement cost risk to firms' compliance behavior and regulatory enforcement strategies. With a fixed expected marginal penalty, abatement cost shocks produced significant violations and emissions volatility as predicted. Tying the monitoring probability to average permit prices effectively eliminated noncompliance, but transmitted abatement cost risk to monitoring effort. Tying the penalty to average prices reduced violations, but did not eliminate them. Some individuals in these treatments sold permits at low prices, presumably in an attempt to weaken enforcement. While tying sanctions directly to prevailing permit prices has theoretical and practical advantages over tying monitoring to prices, our results suggest that tying sanctions to prices may not be as effective as predicted without additional modifications.     

Utilization of solar energy in sewage sludge composting: Fertilizer effect and application

Three reactors, ordinary, greenhouse, and solar, were constructed and tested to compare their impacts on the composting of municipal sewage sludge. Greenhouse and solar reactors were designed to evaluate the use of solar energy in sludge composting, including their effects on temperature and compost quality. After 40 days of composting, it was found that the solar reactor could provide more stable heat for the composting process. The average temperature of the solar reactor was higher than that of the other two systems, and only the solar reactor could maintain the temperature above 55 °C for more than 3 days. Composting with the solar reactor resulted in 31.3% decrease in the total organic carbon, increased the germination index to 91%, decreased the total nitrogen loss, and produced a good effect on pot experiments.