珠江澳门水域水柱多环芳烃初步研究

对采自澳门水域水柱不同深度水样溶解相及颗粒相(悬浮颗粒物)中的多环芳烃进行了定量分析。初步结果显示:多环芳烃质量浓度(溶解相和颗粒相)为1854 4～8733 4ng L,其中溶解相多环芳烃质量浓度为892～7944 5ng L,颗粒相为339 4～969 5ng L,16种优控多环芳烃的质量浓度为940～6654ng L;悬浮颗粒物中污染物的质量浓度自水柱表层至底部逐步减小,多环芳烃在颗粒相和溶解相中的分配系数(lgKp)也自上至下呈递减趋势,说明颗粒物主要是以沉降作用和水平迁移过程为主;水柱下层样品中多环芳烃的lgKp值异常升高,与水柱下层水体的悬浮物质量浓度较高以及盐水入侵(盐水楔)作用有关。      

Determination of propineb and its metabolites propylenethiourea and propylenediamine in banana and soil using gas chromatography with flame photometric detection and LC–MS/MS analysis

A sensitive and specific method for the determination of propineb and its metabolites, propylenethiourea (PTU) and propylenediamine (PDA), using gas chromatography with flame photometric detection (GC-FPD) and LC–MS/MS was developed and validated. Propineb and its metabolite residue dynamics in supervised field trials under Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) conditions in banana and soil were studied. Recovery of propineb (as CS₂), PDA and PTU ranged from 75.3 to 115.4% with RSD (n = 5) of 1.3–11.1%. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of CS₂, PDA and PTU ranged from 0.005 to 0.01 mg kg^?1, and the limit of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.0015 to 0.0033 mg kg^?1. Dissipation experiments showed that the half-life of propineb in banana and soil ranged from 4.4 to 13.3 days. PTU was found in banana with a half-life of 31.5–69.3 days, while levels of PDA were less than 0.01 mg kg^?1 in banana and soil. It has been suggested that PTU is the major metabolite of propineb in banana. The method was demonstrated to be reliable and sensitive for the routine monitoring of propineb and its metabolites in banana and soil. It also serves as a reference for the detection and monitoring of dithiocarbamates (DTCs) residues and the evaluation of their metabolic pathway.     

长江下游地区新近沉积土动剪切模量比和阻尼比的试验研究

通过对长江下游地区南京、苏州、常州、徐州、泰州、盐城、扬州、无锡、镇江、张家港、连云港、启东、常熟、江阴、宿迁等15个城市的淤泥质粉质粘土、粘土、粉质粘土、粉质粘土与粉砂互层土、粉土、粉细砂和粗砂等七类新近沉积土共计275个原装土样历时3年的自振柱试验研究,给出了长江下游地区七类新近沉积土的动剪切模量比 G/Gmax和阻尼比λ与剪应变幅值γ变化的平均曲线的拟合曲线、包络线及其参数的推荐值。由于未见报道其他研究者对长江下游地区新近沉积土动力参数的系统研究,该研究成果有利于加深对该长江下游地区各类新近沉积土动力特性的认识,并对该地区各类工程建设的工程场地地震安全性评价工作具有一定的借鉴和参考价值,且有利于推动长江下游地区工程场地地震安全性评价工作的开展。     

水果蔬菜中有机磷农药残留量的气相色谱测定方法研究

建立了水果、蔬菜食品中有机磷农药的提取、净化及其毛细管柱气相色谱测定法.用水和丙酮溶剂提取,填有无水Na2SO4和Al2O3的层析柱净化,浓缩后采用火焰离子化检测器(FID)检测到样品中甲胺磷、对硫磷、马拉硫磷、甲基对硫磷的添加回收率分别为81%～90%,82%～90%,84%～102%,80%～90%,变异系数均小于8.0%.实验表明,该方法在一定条件下具有灵敏度高,净化效果好,适用性广等特点,可以作为一种常规测定方法.     

柱色谱法批量分离N-甲基-2-(3-硝基苯基)吡咯烷[3’,4’:1,2][60]富勒烯研究

经C60、N-甲基甘氨酸和间硝基苯甲醛反应得到N-甲基-2-(3-硝基苯基)吡咯烷[3′,4′∶1,2][60]富勒烯(MNPF)反应液,旋转蒸发干燥得质量分数为23%的MNPF粗品,采用柱色谱法批量分离其中的MNPF。确定了柱色谱法批量分离MNPF的最佳工艺条件:二硫化碳为流动相,柱层析用硅胶(37~48μm)为固定相,色谱柱直径5cm,高径比为6∶1,最大上样量为23 g。此时分离所得MNPF纯度达99%,回收率为92.3%。     

Using a Systematic Approach to Select Flagship Species for Bird Conservation

Conservation marketing campaigns that focus on flagship species play a vital role in biological diversity conservation because they raise funds and change people's behavior. However, most flagship species are selected without considering the target audience of the campaign, which can hamper the campaign's effectiveness. To address this problem, we used a systematic and stakeholder‐driven approach to select flagship species for a conservation campaign in the Serra do Urubu in northeastern Brazil. We based our techniques on environmental economic and marketing methods. We used choice experiments to examine the species attributes that drive preference and latent‐class models to segment respondents into groups by preferences and socioeconomic characteristics. We used respondent preferences and information on bird species inhabiting the Serra do Urubu to calculate a flagship species suitability score. We also asked respondents to indicate their favorite species from a set list to enable comparison between methods. The species’ traits that drove audience preference were geographic distribution, population size, visibility, attractiveness, and survival in captivity. However, the importance of these factors differed among groups and groups differed in their views on whether species with small populations and the ability to survive in captivity should be prioritized. The popularity rankings of species differed between approaches, a result that was probably related to the different ways in which the 2 methods measured preference. Our new approach is a transparent and evidence‐based method that can be used to refine the way stakeholders are engaged in the design of conservation marketing campaigns.     

Toward a delineation of the circumstances in which cooperation can be sustained in environmental and resource problems

Play in standard laboratory Public Good games suggests that on average, humans are quite prone to cooperate. Yet cooperation is often absent in real world social dilemmas, including many environmental problems. We propose that this discrepancy arises because in the Public Good game, the worst freeriders can do is to not contribute to the public account, while in many real world environmental situations freeriders can even appropriate contributions made by others before the public good is produced. We introduce the Claim Game that modifies the Public Good game by allowing for appropriating the contributions of others before the public good is produced. The impact of such possible takings on public good production is dramatic. No public good is produced, not even in the initial stages of interaction. We link our findings to the relevance of common pool games for modeling environmental problems, and stress the need to experimentally test environmental institutions within harsher social dilemmas than the standard Public Good game.     

Full-scale experimental and numerical analysis of water mist system for sheltered fire sources in wind generator compartment

Through a series of full-scale fire experiments and numerical simulations, the effectiveness of water mist system on wind generator could be estimated, and compared with fire parameters, such as exposed or unexposed fire sources, number of nozzles, un-sheltered or sheltered fire sources, and fire source location.The experimental study found that the position of the water mist nozzles and whether the flames inside the oil pan are covered have a significant influence on overall extinguishing efficacy. The water mist system proved to have sound effectiveness on fire suppression in wind generators with sheltered fire source.According to FDS simulations of water mist systems, the simulated temperature curve declined more significantly than that for the actual measurements, indicating that the cooling effect of the simulated water mist was better. However, simulations were used for a situation where water mist was unable to directly extinguish the fire. Analysis of the simulated airflow showed that an opening caused the water to discharge outwards and the airflow was disturbed by the outside; thus, the extinguishing effect was poorer. There was less water with a sheltering object, and thus the extinguishing effect was poorer.     

The Impacts of Water Conservation Strategies on Water Use: Four Case Studies1

Tsai, Yushiou, Sara Cohen, and Richard M. Vogel, 2011. The Impacts of Water Conservation Strategies on Water Use: Four Case Studies. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):687‐701. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00534.x Abstract: We assessed impacts on water use achieved by implementation of controlled experiments relating to four water conservation strategies in four towns within the Ipswich watershed in Massachusetts. The strategies included (1) installation of weather‐sensitive irrigation controller switches (WSICS) in residences and municipal athletic fields; (2) installation of rainwater harvesting systems in residences; (3) two outreach programs: (a) free home indoor water use audits and water fixture retrofit kits and (b) rebates for low‐water‐demand toilets and washing machines; and (4) soil amendments to improve soil moisture retention at a municipal athletic field. The goals of this study are to summarize the effectiveness of the four water conservation strategies and to introduce nonparametric statistical methods for evaluating the effectiveness of these conservation strategies in reducing water use. It was found that (1) the municipal WSICS significantly reduced water use; (2) residences with high irrigation demand were more likely than low water users to experience a substantial demand decrease when equipped with the WSICS; (3) rainwater harvesting provided substantial rainwater use, but these volumes were small relative to total domestic water use and relative to the natural fluctuations in domestic water use; (4) both the audits/retrofit and rebate programs resulted in significant water savings; and (5) a modeling approach showed potential water savings from soil amendments in ball fields.     

How wrong can you be? Implications of incorrect utility function specification for welfare measurement in choice experiments

Despite the vital role of the utility function in welfare measurement, the implications of working with incorrect utility specifications have been largely neglected in the choice experiments literature. This paper addresses the importance of specification with a special emphasis on the effects of mistaken assumptions about the marginal utility of income. Monte Carlo experiments were conducted using different functional forms of utility to generate simulated choices. Multi-Nomial Logit and Mixed Logit models were then estimated on these choices under correct and incorrect assumptions about the true, underlying utility function. Estimated willingness to pay measures from these choice modeling results are then compared with the equivalent measures directly calculated from the true utility specifications. Results show that for the parameter values and functional forms considered, a continuous-quadratic or a discrete-linear attribute specification is a good option regardless of the true effects the attribute has on utility. We also find that mistaken assumptions about preferences over costs magnify attribute mis-specification effects.