A column test for leaching of organochlorines from soil by amphiphilic nonionic nanopolymers

Amphiphilic nonionic cross-linked nanopolymers (NPs) were synthesized to examine removal of five organochlorines (OCs), namely lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, and DDT, from a range of Thai agricultural soils. The synthesized NP particles had polarity characteristics similar to those of nonionic surfactant micelles and were largely in the size range of 55–155 nm. This work aimed to determine the optimal conditions for leaching of OC contaminated soil with NPs and also to investigate the role and influence of soil properties on this leaching. An investigation of the concentrations of aqueous dispersions of these particles found that a concentration of 10 g L^?1. was found most effective in leaching the OCs from a column of spiked soil. The optimal contact time that allowed a NP dispersion and spiked soil to reach equilibrium was 48 h. The results indicated influencing factors for OC removal and soil remediation were properties both of the soil and the compounds themselves. Soil organic carbon (SOC) content and soil texture played an important role on the sorption as well as compound hydrophobicity expressed as log K_OW values. The removal efficiency was found to be in the range of 85.2–92.8 % for all soil samples and in the order of DDT < aldrin < heptachlor < dieldrin < endrin < lindane regardless of soil type. This order is inversely related to the log K_OC values of these compounds. For OC compounds with a similar molecular structure, removal efficiency was related to molecular weight (MW).     

A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Animal Experiments with Guidelines for Reporting

To maximize the findings of animal experiments to inform likely health effects in humans, a thorough review and evaluation of the animal evidence is required. Systematic reviews and, where appropriate, meta-analyses have great potential in facilitating such an evaluation, making efficient use of the animal evidence while minimizing possible sources of bias. The extent to which systematic review and meta-analysis methods have been applied to evaluate animal experiments to inform human health is unknown. Using systematic review methods, we examine the extent and quality of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of in vivo animal experiments carried out to inform human health. We identified 103 articles meeting the inclusion criteria: 57 reported a systematic review, 29 a systematic review and a meta-analysis, and 17 reported a meta-analysis only. The use of these methods to evaluate animal evidence has increased over time. Although the reporting of systematic reviews is of adequate quality, the reporting of meta-analyses is poor. The inadequate reporting of meta-analyses observed here leads to questions on whether the most appropriate methods were used to maximize the use of the animal evidence to inform policy or decision-making. We recommend that guidelines proposed here be used to help improve the reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of animal experiments. Further consideration of the use and methodological quality and reporting of such studies is needed.     

长江下游地区新近沉积土动剪切模量比和阻尼比的试验研究

通过对长江下游地区南京、苏州、常州、徐州、泰州、盐城、扬州、无锡、镇江、张家港、连云港、启东、常熟、江阴、宿迁等15个城市的淤泥质粉质粘土、粘土、粉质粘土、粉质粘土与粉砂互层土、粉土、粉细砂和粗砂等七类新近沉积土共计275个原装土样历时3年的自振柱试验研究,给出了长江下游地区七类新近沉积土的动剪切模量比 G/Gmax和阻尼比λ与剪应变幅值γ变化的平均曲线的拟合曲线、包络线及其参数的推荐值。由于未见报道其他研究者对长江下游地区新近沉积土动力参数的系统研究,该研究成果有利于加深对该长江下游地区各类新近沉积土动力特性的认识,并对该地区各类工程建设的工程场地地震安全性评价工作具有一定的借鉴和参考价值,且有利于推动长江下游地区工程场地地震安全性评价工作的开展。     

Sorption of lambda-cyhalothrin,cypermethrin, deltamethrin and fenvalerate to quartz,corundum, kaolinite and montmorillonite

Sorption to mineral surfaces may be important for retention and degradation of hydrophobic pesticides in subsoils and aquifers poor in organic matter. In this work the title pyrethroids have been used to investigate selective interactions with the surfaces of four minerals. Sorption of the four pyrethroids was quantified in batch experiments with initial pyrethroid concentrations of 1–100 μg/l. Sorption to centrifuge tubes used in the batch experiments accounted for 25–60% of total sorption. Net sorption was obtained from total sorption after subtracting the amounts of pyrethroids sorbed to centrifuge tubes used. All isotherms could be fitted by the Freundlich equation with n ranging between 0.9 and 1.1. Bonding affinities per unit surface area decreased in the order: corundum>quartz>montmorillonitekaolinite. A similar sequence as found for the total surface tension of the minerals. All minerals showed the same selectivity order with respect to sorption affinity of the four pyrethroids: lambda-cyhalothrin>deltamethrin>cypermethrin>fenvalerate, which shows that the most hydrophobic compound is sorbed most strongly. Stereochemical properties of the four pyrethroid formulations may also contribute to the selectivity pattern.     

中空夹层钢管再生混凝土柱火灾后力学性能分析

基于ABAQUS建立中空夹层钢管再生混凝土短柱理论模型,进行受火后加载模拟,受火过程采用ISO-834标准升、降温曲线。进而探究柱构件在受火全过程中的温度分布规律和受火后的力学性能。并分析了受火时间、空心率、取代率、名义含钢率、钢管强度和混凝土强度等参数对柱构件剩余承载力的影响。结果表明:受火时间、含钢率、混凝土强度和钢材强度对构件剩余承载力影响较明显,空心率和取代率对构件剩余承载力影响较小;受火45 min和90 min后,空心率取33.90%能较大限度减轻构件自重,且具备良好的抗火性能。     

应变率效应对钢筋混凝土柱的影响

根据混凝土单轴动力特性试验,引入了应变率的影响,对规范给出的混凝土应力—应变关系表达式进行了修正;针对只考虑混凝土的动态特性和既考虑混凝土的动态特性、也考虑钢筋的动态特性这两种情况,利用修正的表达式对钢筋混凝土柱的动态特性进行了数值分析。结果表明,混凝土的动态特性对于大偏心柱的承载力影响很小,但对于小偏心柱的极限承载力影响显著;钢筋的动态特性对大、小偏心柱的极限弯矩和极限曲率都有明显的影响。本文还分析了柱的极限弯矩、极限曲率和极限轴力随偏心距变化的规律。     

The dissolution kinetics of major elements in municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash particles

Leaching and tracer experiments in batches at L/S 20 were performed with 3-month-old MSWI bottom ash separated into eight different particle sizes. The time-dependent leaching of major elements (Ca(2+), K(+), Na(+), Cl(-) and SO(4)(-2)) was monitored for up to 747 h. Physical properties of the particles, the specific surface (BET), pore volume and pore volume distribution over pore sizes (BJH) were determined for all particle classes by N(2) adsorption/desorption experiments. Some common features of physical pore structure for all particles were revealed. The specific surface and the particle pore volume were found to be negatively correlated with particle size, ranging from 3.2 m(2)/g to 25.7 m(2)/g for the surface area and from 0.0086 cm(3)/g to 0.091 cm(3)/g for the pore volume. Not surprisingly, the specific surface area was found to be the major material parameter that governed the leaching behavior for all elements (Ca(2+), K(+), Na(+), Cl(-) and SO(4)(-2)) and particle sizes. The diffusion resistance was determined independently by separate tracer (tritium) experiments. Diffusion gave a significant contribution to the apparent leaching kinetics for all elements during the first 10-40 h (depending on the particle size) of leaching and surface reaction was the overall rate controlling mechanism at late times for all particle sizes. For Ca(2+) and SO(4)(-2), the coupled effect of diffusion resistance and the degree of under-saturation in the intra particle pore volume was found to be a major rate limiting dissolution mechanism for both early and late times. The solubility control in the intra particulate porosity may undermine any attempt to treat bottom ash by washing out the sulfate. Even for high liquid/solid ratios, the solubility in the intra-particular porosity will limit the release rate.     

硝酸根对零价铁去除地下水中六价铬的影响

通过批实验和连续通流的柱模拟实验对比研究了存在NO3-和不存在NO3-条件下零价铁（Fe0）去除Cr（Ⅵ）的反应特征,并对比分析了NO3-对零价铁（Fe0）去除Cr（Ⅵ）的影响。批实验结果表明,在不同初始pH条件下,NO3-的加入均使得零价铁（Fe0）去除Cr（Ⅵ）的速率升高;当初始pH=7时,NO3-的促进作用最强,反应速率是无NO3-条件下的2.1倍。柱实验结果表明,NO3-的加入使得Fe0去除Cr（Ⅵ）的反应分成了3个不同的阶段：高效期（1025 PV）。在高效期,反应中的NO3-表现为对Fe0反应位点的竞争,抑制了Cr（Ⅵ）还原。在后期的2个阶段中,反应中NO3-则呈现明显的促进作用。NO3-的存在使得零价铁（Fe0）柱趋于整体性同步钝化,延长了Fe0柱的运行寿命,并且增加了零价铁（Fe0）柱对Cr（Ⅵ）的去除效率。NO3-对Fe0去除Cr（Ⅵ）反应的促进作用原因是由于NO3-与Fe0反应产生Fe3O4,Fe3O4可以还原Cr（Ⅵ）,并且具有阻滞反应的产物在Fe0表面堆积和促进电子传导作用。     

气相色谱法对土壤和植物中毒鼠强的测定

采用气相色谱法测定土壤和植物中的毒鼠强,用苯作为提取剂,中性氧化铝-硅镁柱净化。土壤和植物的回收率分别为84.0%~87.0%8、1.4%~86.0%,样品最低检出量为20ng/g。     

采用神经网络半主动TLCD对海洋固定式平台的振动控制

本项工作为研究半主动调液柱型阻尼器(TLCD)对固定或海洋平台的减振控制方法。首先建立TLCD-平台结构系统在地震和波浪作用下的运动方程,给出了半主动控制策略,即不断地调整TLCD的开孔率,使其能对平台结构达到最优的减振效果。由于TLCD中液体运动具有较强的非线性,用神经网络实时调节TLCD的开孔率,并通过数值算例验证了该方法的有效性。