青海省矿产资源综合开发利用探析

作为我国有色金属、贵金属、盐类与能源等矿产的主要蕴藏地之一的青海省,在经济发展的四大支柱——石油和天然气、盐湖矿产、有色金属矿产和水电资源产业中,有三项为矿产资源,为推进全省国民经济和社会快速发展提供了强有力的支撑,综合开发利用这些资源对全省经济社会发展具有重要意义.通过对青海省矿产资源综合开发利用的全面分析,找出存在的突出问题及其原因,提出相应的对策和建议.     

超声强化技术在水处理中的应用研究进展

作为高级氧化技术,超声空化产生元选择性的强氧化性自由基,具有较大优势,但由于超声空化机理的特点使得有机物的完全矿化受到限制,而提高超声效率的常见方法有：优化频率、声强,与其他技术组合等。文章主要从超声波参数,添加剂,超声-高级氧化技术、超声-活性炭、超声-微生物处理、超声-石墨、超声-气浮、超声-膜处理、超声-混凝、超声-消毒技术等方面综述了超声强化技术原理及其在水处理中的应用研究进展。其中研究较少的方法有间歇超声、多频超声、充入多种气体以及超声与各工艺组合,如超声与活性炭、等离子体技术等组合,这些强化技术都-定程度的强化了超声效果。有些组合暂时未用于水处理,但经过完善也将大大催进水处理事业的发展。虽然超声波具有较大优势,但是由于其成本高,反应器生产技术限制。超声波大规模用于实际生产还需要较长-段时间。     

吐鲁番盆地葡萄园土壤重金属污染状况及其潜在生态风险

为探讨中国葡萄主产区土壤重金属污染状况及生态风险,从吐鲁番盆地葡萄园采集了101个土壤样品,测定As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb和Hg等6种元素的浓度。利用地质累积指数(I_geo)、潜在生态风险指数(RI)和生态风险预警指数(I_ER),对葡萄园土壤重金属污染状况及其潜在生态风险进行了评估。结果表明:吐鲁番盆地葡萄园土壤中6种元素的平均含量均小于《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018)中的筛选值,但As、Cd、Cr、Hg的平均含量分别为新疆灌耕土背景值的1.05、1.58、1.49、1.15倍。各元素I_geo平均值排序为Cd(0.0)>Cr(-0.02)>As(-0.53)>Hg(-0.62)=Pb(-0.62)>Ni(-0.88),均表现为无污染;单项生态风险指数排序为Cd>As>Ni>Hg>Cr>Pb,均呈现轻微生态风险;RI平均值为17.33,属于轻微生态风险;I_ER平均值为-4.87,属于无警态势。Cd是...     

城市小集水区降雨径流污染来源解析

利用深圳市王家庄集水区的降雨径流水质监测数据,运用正定矩阵因子分解法（PMF）定量解析了单个城市小集水区降雨径流污染的主要来源。结果表明：研究区降雨径流的主要污染源为城市污水、管内沉积物和地表径流。其中城市污水以输出氨氮（NH3-N）和总氮（TN）为主,管内沉积物是化学需氧量（CODCr）、总磷（TP）和生化需氧量（BOD5）的主要来源,地表径流为固体悬浮物（SS）的主要来源。PMF模型可作为土地利用方式均一的单个城市小集水区降雨径流污染源解析的有效方法之一,主要污染源的廓线能否保持相对稳定是该模型在降雨径流污染源解析时的主要约束条件。     

西安市城墙内公园土壤重金属含量水平及污染评价

以西安市城墙以内3个公园的表层土壤为研究对象,分析测定了其基本理化性质和其中代表性重金属Cu、Ni及Zn的总量与不同形态的含量,并分别采用单项污染指数法和内梅罗污染指数法对各公园土壤重金属污染进行了评价.结果显示:西安市城墙以内3个公园的表层土壤均呈碱性并含有较多有机质;3个公园表层土壤中Cu、Ni及Zn的平均含量分别...     

石家庄城市近地表降尘重金属污染及潜在生态危害评价

以2007年6月采集的石家庄城市近地表降尘为对象,采用Hakanson提出的潜在生态危害指数法对石家庄城市近地表降尘中重金属污染及潜在生态危害进行评价.结果表明,石家庄城市近地表降尘中重金属元素含量变化均较大,Zn、Cd、Cr、Ni、Cu、Pb等属于强变异元素,重金属元素在近地表降尘中积累已达到严重程度;各重金属元素中...     

Distribution of heavy metals in water, particulate matter and sediments of Gediz River (Eastern Aegean)

The present paper is the first document of heavy metal levels in surficial sediment, water and particulate matter of the Gediz River collected from five different sites in August, October 1998, February, June 1999. The present work attempts to establish the status of distribution and environmental implications of metals in the sediment, water and particulate matter and their possible sources of derivation. The concentrations of mercury ranged 0.037–0.81, 120–430; lead 0.59–1.5, 190–8,100; copper 0.24–1.6, 30–180; zinc 0.19–2.9, 10–80; manganese 30–170, 20–490; nickel 0.39–9.0, 100–510; iron 1.3–687, 100–6,200 μg/l in water and particulate matter, respectively. The maximum values in water were generally obtained in summer periods due to industrial and agricultural activities at Muradiye. The particulate metal concentrations also generally showed increased levels from the upper Gediz to the mouth of the river. Calculation of metal partition coefficients shows that the relative importance of the particulate and the water phases varies in response to water hydrochemistry and suspended solid content, but that most elements achieve a conditional equilibrium in the Gediz River. The metals ranged between Hg: 0.25–0.49, Cr: 59–814, Pb: 38–198, Cu: 15–148, Zn: 34–196, Mn: 235–1,371, Ni: 35–175, and Fe: 10,629–72,387 mg/kg in sediment. The significant increase of metals found in Muradiye suggested a pollution effect, related to anthropogenic wastes. Also, relatively high concentrations of Ni and Mn occurred in sampling site upstream, due to geochemical composition of the sediments. Maximum values of contamination factor for metals were noticed for sediment of Muradiye. The sampling stations have very high degree of contamination indicating serious anthropogenic pollution.     

Trends of organochlorine pesticides in drinking water supplies

The effectiveness of the treatment process for the removal of pesticides in the final water supplies in Delhi has been evaluated. Samples were collected during 2000–2005 from five water treatment plants (WTPs). Analysis was carried out to identify pesticides, which are more commonly encountered in treated drinking water. In most of the treatment plants, the concentrations of lindane, total endosulphan and total DDT were significantly less in the finished water. Monitoring of these less soluble pesticide in the finished water from WTPs was done quarterly to arrive at the quality trends and to plan for the mitigation action, in case the concentration of the parameter exceeded at any site or time.     

Heavy metal concentrations in water and sediments in Tasik Chini, a freshwater lake, Malaysia

The purpose of this paper are to determine the concentration of heavy metals namely cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) in water and sediment; and to investigate the effect of sediment pH and sediment organic matter on concentration of cadmium, copper and lead in sediment at oxidation fraction. For this purpose the concentration of heavy metals were measured in water and sediments at 15 sites from Tasik Chini, Peninsular Malaysia. The sequential extraction procedure used in this study was based on defined fractions: exchangeable, acid reduction, oxidation, and residual. The concentration of heavy metals in residual fraction was higher than the other fractions. Among the non-residual fractions, the concentration of heavy metals in organic matter fraction was much higher than other fractions collected from all sampling sites. The pH of the sediment in all sites was acidic. The mean pH ranges from 4.8 to 5.5 with the higher value observed at site 15. Results of organic matter analysis showed that the percentage of organic matter present in sediment samples varies throughout the lake and all sites of sediments were relatively rich in organic matter ranging from 13.0% to 34.2%. The highest mean percentage of organic matter was measured at sampling site 15, with value of 31.78%.     

华南某铀矿开采利用对地表水环境质量的影响

以广东省某铀矿区为研究对象,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定了矿山、水冶厂及其周边地表水体共42个水样(包括工业废水、池塘水、溪流水、河水和矿区饮用水)中放射性元素(U和Th)和其它一些金属元素(Fe、Mn、Mg、Cu、Zn、Co、Ni、Li、Ca、Na、K、Al、Sr和Ba)的含量.由此确认铀矿区产生高污废水的重要环节和关键污染元素,并了解这些元素的迁移变化规律以及对周边地表水产生的影响.结果表明:(1)铀矿区产生高污外排废水的主要生产环节是采矿、铀矿堆浸和尾矿露天堆积,排放废水中U和Mn含量分别为0.238—8.700 mg.L-1和0.62—94.23 mg.L-1,均高于国家工业废水允许排放标准(GBJ8—74和GB8978—1996)的限定值;(2)铀矿周边用作当地农业灌溉和露天水源的溪流由于受纳了矿区外排废水,明显受到了U和Mn的污染:U含量在枯水期和丰水期分别为(0.415±0.619)mg.L-1和(0.233±0.308)mg.L-1,Mn含量在枯水期和丰水期分别为(8.72±12.8)mg.L-1和(8.56±12.61)mg.L-1;(3)受纳溪流中U、Fe的含量枯水期高于丰水期,而Mn和Cu的含量基本保持不变,且大多数元素的含量随着迁移距离的增加在枯水期和丰水期均呈下降趋势,指示污染源来自铀矿区;(4)铀矿区生产活动引起的地表水污染目前仅局限于铀矿区和周边较小的区域,但仍应引起重视.