联合改良剂对桉树吸收重金属的作用——以矿区土壤中Cd、Zn和Cu为例

通过5种矿区土壤的盆栽试验,研究了联合改良剂对桉树部分生理指标、根中Cd、Zn和Cu的含量、以及土壤中Cd、Zn和Cu的BCR提取形态的影响,探讨了其对矿区土壤还林的作用.结果表明,与对照相比,施用改良剂后桉树的生物量和叶绿素含量的增幅分别为-7.6%～158.8%和-0.7%～23.1%,丙二醛含量的降幅为2.6%～37.9%,其中部分处理的生物量和丙二醛含量的变化达到显著水平(P<0.05);土壤中有效态Cd、Zn和Cu的含量分别下降12.5%～63.8%、1.6%～54.7%和16.2%～57.6%,桉树根中Cd、Zn和Cu的含量分别下降3.1%～56.6%、-1.5%～21.3%和9.3%～50.1%.土壤对桉树根中Cd、Zn和Cu的含量有显著影响(P<0.05),改良剂的配比或施用量无显著影响(P>0.05),但在5种矿区土壤中G3降低桉树根中Cu含量的效果优于G1和G2;在重金属含量最高的2种土壤中,G1降低桉树根中Cd和Zn含量的效果优于G2和G3.研究表明施用联合改良剂能降低桉树对重金属的吸收,有利于矿区土壤的还林.     

河流岸坡净化径流中氨氮的实验室研究

利用实验室内建立的河流岸坡展开对地表径流中氨氮在模型内部沿程净化效果的实验研究。结果显示,河流岸坡对氨氮的去除率在90%以上;沿程氨氮浓度在缓坡模型的第二断面、第三断面的浓度及净化效率较为稳定,而在陡坡模型中的第三断面浓度及净化效率均出现较大波动;此外,合理的进水负荷使两种河流岸坡对氨氮的去除率稳定在96%左右;相比较而言,缓坡模型沿程对氨氮的净化效率要比陡坡模型稳定。     

下凹式绿地在降雨径流控制中的应用研究

下凹式绿地具有蓄渗雨水、削减洪峰流量、净化雨水、防止土壤侵蚀等优点,且投资少,是一种能同时满足环境、生态、经济等多重效应的新型雨水利用措施;它的应用将有效缓解城市水资源匮乏和降雨地表径流造成的面源污染,同时能在一定程度上防止城市内涝.在介绍下凹式绿地对降雨径流控制的基础上,着重综述了下凹式绿地对雨水的蓄渗、净化作用及其设计方面的研究进展.     

城市河流截污与人工湿地净化实例

针对受上游村庄、城镇、农田等点源、面源污染的城市河道,采用截污与人工湿地净化协同的处理方法改善水质。其中截污环节根据地形与开发时序,合理设置截污分区,设计了配套所需的截污设施;湿地净化环节合理利用自然地形采用多级潜流人工湿地与阶梯多级表面流湿地复合的湿地水净化系统,并选取合适的湿地植物,保障人工湿地正常代谢。设计截污能力为1.02×10⁴ m³/d,人工湿地处理能力为3.5×10⁴ m³/d,人工湿地面积45 ha。经过截污与人工湿地净化协同作用,可基本实现水质净化目标,使其达到河道的景观水质标准要求,不仅有效保障处理水质更可营造城市水景,通过充分发挥河流与湿地生态服务功能,可改善研究区所在地生态环境。     

A method to extract algae toxin of microcystin-LR

A simple and low-cost method to obtain cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR(MC-LR) was developed. A new strain of Microcystis aeruginosa,named DC-1, producing microcystin-LR but not microcystin-RR, was separated from the field blooming algae samples of Dianchi Lake.in southwest of China. Following three times‘freeze and thaw treatment, the cultivated DC-cells were extracted with 40% methanol in water.The extract was centrifuged and the supernatant applied to a Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance(HLB) SPE cartridge.Eluted impuries with a certain gradient from 30% to 50% methanol in water, MC-LR was finally eluted from the HLB cartridge with 60%.may be used in adsorption and biodegradation experiments instead of using expensive standard reagents.     

洗煤厂洗煤车间除尘系统设计

通过洗煤车间除尘系统工程实例 ,阐述了在老厂房巧妙利用厂房结构 ,将吸尘罩设计为内开外密 ,负压作业的三级密闭形式 ,从而实现全面通风换气与局部通风除尘的设计思路。工程实践表明 :该设计可使尘源附近 (411机尾走廊 )空气中粉尘净化效率达到 81 16 %～ 94 93% ,对厂房主要作业点空气中粉尘净化效率达 6 0 %以上 ,为洗煤行业老厂房的防尘除尘工作探索了一条可行的途径     

Heavy metals in water bodies purified by suspended substrate of rivers

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＨｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｉｎｗａｔｅｒｂｏｄｉｅｓａｒｅｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｆｒｏｍｏｒｇａｎｉｃｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓｔｈａｔｃａｎｂｅｍｉｃｒｏｂｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｌｙｄｅｇｒａｄｅｄｏｒｄｅｃｏｍｐｏｓｅｄ .Ｇｅｎｅｒａｌｌｙ ,ｔｈｅｙａｒｅｐｕｒｉｆｉｅｄｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅｉｒａｄｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎｏｎｔｏｓｕｓｐｅｎｄｅｄｓｕｂｓｔｒａｔｅｓｉｎｒｉｖｅｒｓ.Ａｄｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｏｎｒｉｖｅｒｓｕｓｐｅｎｄｅｄｓｕｂ…     

混凝法在滇池蓝藻暴发期净水除藻的可行性研究

采用精制硫酸铝为混凝剂,L93^4正交法安排滇池蓝藻暴发期混凝沉降除藻除净水工艺实验。结果表明,混凝剂种类、水样pH值对蓝藻去除率有很大影响。研究确定了混凝剂除藻最佳操作条件,为混凝法去除蓝藻的工业化提供了理论和实际操作依据。     

铜、镉联合胁迫对羊角月牙藻的自由基氧化损伤影响研究

分析了铜和镉联合胁迫对羊角月牙藻(Selenastrum capricornutum)的影响,运用国内应用较少的新型技术——叶绿素荧光技术检测了胁迫下微藻的最大光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)受到的影响,并尝试通过膜脂过氧化损伤产物丙二醛(MDA)和其他指标在胁迫下的变化,对铜、镉联合胁迫机制进行初步探究。结果表明:(1)羊角月牙藻在铜、镉联合胁迫下生长受到抑制,表现出明显的浓度-效应关系。铜、镉的联合胁迫的相加指数为-1.63,表现为典型的拮抗作用。(2)通过叶绿素荧光技术的应用,探明Fv/Fm随毒性浓度的变化表现为浓度-效应关系,毒性浓度越大,羊角月牙藻的Fv/Fm越低,但在低毒性浓度刺激时随胁迫时间延长有回升迹象。(3)随毒性浓度的增加,羊角月牙藻的MDA增加,表现为显著的浓度-效应关系;可溶性蛋白质大体呈先升后降的趋势。(4)铜、镉联合胁迫下,MDA与羊角月牙藻生物量、Fv/Fm呈显著负相关。脂质过氧化是导致生物量下降和Fv/Fm受抑制的原因之一。(5)在微藻体内铜、镉发生拮抗作用的机制也可能与重金属的脂质过氧化作用由于拮抗受到抑制有关。     

Factors affecting the quantitative uncertainty of the estimated short-term intake. Part I—Calculation methods

ABSTRACT

The calculation of the combined uncertainty of the international estimated short-term intake (IESTI) of ethephon residues in apples is shown as an example. The ethephon residues in apples were reported by the Joint FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)/WHO (World Health Organization) Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR). The apple consumption data were taken from the IESTI (international short-term intake) calculation template used by the JMPR. The IESTI was calculated with the currently used method (case 2a) and a proposed one recommended by the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority)/RIVM (Dutch National Institute for Public Health) Scientific Workshop co-sponsored by FAO and WHO. In this example, the ratio of IESTI_proposed/IESTI_current and their combined relative uncertainty are about 2.8, and 1.7, respectively. The larger IESTI and uncertainty obtained with the proposed equation are the consequence of calculation only with the large portion (LP) instead of its combination with unit mass, and the MRL instead of the highest residue (HR). The LP is the major contributor to the combined uncertainty. Both the calculated IESTI and its combined uncertainty depend on the actual food – pesticide residue combination, and should be calculated for each case.