水解-复合生物滤池工艺处理盐化工工业废水

采用水解酸化池和两级复合生物滤池工艺处理盐化工工业废水。挂膜在启动29 d后成功。在水力负荷为0.37～0.74 m/h(不包括回流)、回流比为100%以及气水比为3∶1的条件下,COD、NH3-N、TN和SS的出水浓度(去除率)分别为78 mg/L(60%)、1.05 mg/L(93.4%)、18.9 mg/L(63.8%)和4.9 mg/L(94.5%),达到设计标准,实现了对盐化工工业废水的二级生物处理。装置具备一定的抗负荷能力,在实验范围内水力负荷(0.37～0.74 m/h)的增加有利于污染物的去除;通过工艺沿程水质记录,分析了COD、NH3-N、TN和SS在水解酸化区、一级缺氧/好氧区及二级缺氧/好氧区的贡献。     

复合加筋排水褥垫软土路堤排水设计方法

复合加筋排水褥垫是针对沿海缺砂地区开发的一项可取代水平排水砂垫层、具有水平排水与加筋作用的新型专利技术。本文介绍了复合加筋排水褥垫的性能指标,给出了复合加筋排水褥垫软土路堤排水设计方法,并将复合加筋排水褥垫与水平排水砂垫层的排水性能进行了对比分析。算例结果表明,复合加筋排水褥垫能满足软土路堤排水要求,其排水性能要明显优越于水平排水砂垫层。     

改良剂对黄泥土镉锌复合污染修复效应与机理研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了镉锌复合污染黄泥土中施用石灰、有机肥、海泡石对小油菜生物产量、镉锌吸收量、土壤中镉锌形态转化、pH等的影响.结果表明,施用改良剂,小油菜(Brassica chinensis Linn)连种3季的生物产量都显著提高,对镉锌的吸收量降低,其中以石灰和有机肥配施的效果最好,增产170%以上;改良剂单施降低小油菜对镉锌的吸收以石灰的效果较好,海泡石的最差.这主要是因为施用改良剂后镉锌的交换态减少,而对作物有效性低的碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化态和残渣态增加,同时,pH也有不同程度的升高.小油菜对镉的吸收系数大于锌的吸收系数,说明镉在土壤中的移动性比锌大,施用石灰降低吸收系数的效果最好.石灰与有机肥配施能够显著提高镉锌复合污染黄泥土的修复效率,与对照相比,修复镉污染的效率提高13.5倍;修复锌污染的效率提高2.4倍.     

Chemodynamics of heavy metals in long-term contaminated soils：Metal speciation in soil solution

The concentration and speciation of heavy metals in soil solution isolated from long-term contaminated soils were investigated. The soil solution was extracted at 70% maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) after equilibration for 24 h. The free metal concentrations (Cd2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+) in soil solution were determined using the Donnan membrane technique (DMT). Initially the DMT was validated using artificial solutions where the percentage of free metal ions were significantly correlated with the percentages predicted using MINTEQA2. However, there was a significant difference between the absolute free ion concentrations predicted by MINTEQA2 and the values determined by the DMT. This was due to the significant metal adsorption onto the cation exchange membrane used in the DMT with 20%, 28%, 44%, and 8% mass loss of the initial total concentration of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in solution, respectively. This could result in a significant error in the determination of free metal ions when using DMT if no allowance for membrane cation adsorption was made. Relative to the total soluble metal concentrations the amounts of free Cd2+ (3%–52%) and Zn2+ (11%–72%) in soil solutions were generally higher than those of Cu2+ (0.2%–30%) and Pb2+ (0.6%–10%). Among the key soil solution properties, dissolved heavy metal concentrations were the most significant factor governing free metal ion concentrations. Soil solution pH showed only a weak relationship with free metal ion partitioning coefficients (Kp) and dissolved organic carbon did not show any significant influence on Kp.     

Fenton试剂与CPAM联合调理对污泥脱水效果的影响研究

含水率是影响污泥处置效果与成本的重要因素,通过泥饼含水率、上清液COD、蛋白质、多糖质量浓度、污泥粒径等指标,研究了阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)和Fenton试剂单独及联合调理对污泥脱水效果的影响,初步探讨其调理机制.结果表明,CPAM阳离子度越高,脱水效果越好,且酸性条件有利于改善CPAM的污泥脱水效果.Fenton试剂H2O2投加量越高,污泥脱水效果越好.Fenton试剂与CPAM联合调理时污泥脱水效果更为显著,投加FeSO4=2 g.L-1、H2O2=6 g.L-1,污泥含水率由原泥的85.5%降低至76.7%,再投加CPAM 3 kg.t-1联合调理后污泥含水率降至74.8%.Fenton试剂对胞外聚合物的破解作用使污泥粒径变小,比表面积增大,释放部分的吸附水和内部水;CPAM与Fenton试剂的联合调理,将分散的污泥絮体凝聚,污泥平均粒径由35.16μm增至50.50μm,比表面积由未加入CPAM的0.39 m2.g-1降至0.20 m2.g-1,联合调理对污泥脱水效果的改善作用优于单一絮凝剂调理.     

不同土壤调理剂对土壤镉和邻-苯二甲酸酯迁移转化影响

有机无机复合污染是目前普遍的土壤污染方式,镉是土壤污染中最主要的无机元素,因地膜的广泛使用,使得邻-苯二甲酸酯成为土壤中主要的有机污染物.故采用盆栽试验,以西南地区紫色土为供试土壤,小白菜为指示生物,分别添加不同含量梯度的镉（Cd）和邻-苯二甲酸（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）组成单一污染和复合外源污染模拟试验,研究钾长石粉、牡蛎壳粉、生物炭粉、氧化钙、碳酸钾和磷酸钙这6种常见土壤调理剂对污染土壤中镉形态及DEHP含量、小白菜中镉及DEHP吸收的影响.随后研究了生物炭添加量对污染土壤中镉和邻-苯二甲酸酯迁移转化的影响,选择对照土壤、Cd污染土壤和DEHP污染土壤复合污染为研究对象,通过盆栽试验研究了0%、0.5%、1%、3%和5%（质量分数）生物炭对污染土壤Cd形态和DEHP含量的影响.结果表明Cd-DEHP复合污染紫色土修复的最优土壤调理剂是生物炭.经过综合考虑,生物炭添加量为3%时,复合污染紫色土土壤的修复效果较好,且生长于土壤中的指示生物不受抑制.     

Evaluation of a cost e ective technique for treating aquaculture water discharge using Lolium perenne Lam as a biofilter

Wastewater stabilization ponds generate low cost by-products that are useful for agriculture. The utilization of these by-products for soil amendment and as a source of nutrients for plants requires a high level of sanitation and stabilization of the organic matter, to maintain acceptable levels of soil, water and air quality. In this study, two aquaculture wastewater treatment systems; recirculating system and a floating plant bed system were designed to improve the quality of irrigation water in local communities with low income. In both systems the grass species Lolium perenne Lam was used as a plant biofilter while vegetable specie Amaranthus viridis was used to evaluate the performance of the system and the suitability of the phyto-treated water for irrigation. It was found that the harmful material removal rate for recirculating system was 88.9% for TAN （total ammonia nitrogen）, 90% for NO2--N, 64.8% for NO3--N while for floating plant bed system 82.7% for TAN, 82% for NO2--N and 60.5% for NO3--N. Comparative analysis of the efficiency of waste element removal between the two systems revealed that both systems performed well, however, plant growth was not robust for floating plant bed system while recirculating system is energy consuming. Although both systems did not attain sufficient levels of TN （total nitrogen） and TP （total phosphorus） load reduction, the treatment with L. perenne remarkably improved the irrigation water quality. A. viridis plants irrigated with the phyto-treated discharge water had lesser concentrations of heavy metals in their tissues compared to those irrigated with untreated discharge. The control plants irrigated with untreated discharge were also found to be highly lignified with few stems and small leaves.     

动力学综合环境试验技术现状和发展

综述了动力学综合环境试验技术的国内外现状,主要介绍了振动、温度和湿度综合,振动、温度、湿度和高度综合,噪声、振动和温度综合,多维振动,热和振动综合,热和噪声综合,振动和过载综合等,提出了综合环境试验技术今后的重点研究方向。     

Hg2+、Cd2+及其复合胁迫对伊乐藻的毒害

利用水生微宇宙系统研究了不同浓度的Hg2 、Cd2 单一及复合处理对伊乐藻可溶性蛋白质浓度、叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b比值,以及生产力和呼吸作用的影响.可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量在低浓度胁迫时(Hg2 ≤2.5μmol/L,Cd2 ≤10μmol/L,Hg2 Cd2 ≤1.25μmol/LHg2 5μmol/LCd2 )略有升高,之后随胁迫的增强而持续下降,两者呈负相关;叶绿素a/b比值、净生产力、呼吸强度随离子浓度增加不断下降,除呼吸强度外,两者也呈负相关.Hg2 对伊乐藻的毒性是Cd2 的4倍左右(以摩尔浓度计).两者共同作用时,对可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量以及净生产力的影响有协同效应,对呼吸作用的影响有相加效应.     

不同水分管理模式联合叶面喷施硅肥对水稻Cd累积的影响

在某重度Cd污染稻田(Cd含量2.83 mg·kg~(-1))开展8种水分管理措施联合叶面喷施硅肥的大田试验,研究不同处理对水稻生长及各部位Cd累积的影响.结果表明:①8种水分管理措施联合叶面喷施硅肥处理对水稻株高和分蘖数没有明显影响,但各处理均增加了水稻糙米生物量,增幅为1.7%～25.0%,其中成熟期淹水+叶面喷施硅肥处理(CY)下糙米生物量达到最高.②常规水分管理+叶面喷施硅肥处理(Si)对土壤Cd两种提取态含量无明显影响,而其他处理降低土壤交换态Cd含量7.8%～42.6%,降低土壤TCLP提取态Cd含量20.0%～40.8%.③常规水分管理+叶面喷施硅肥处理(Si)能降低水稻各部位Cd含量,糙米Cd含量下降了19.0%;其他处理显著降低了水稻各部位中Cd含量,其中仅成熟期湿润+叶面喷施硅肥处理(CS)降低糙米Cd含量降幅最大,降低了44.0%,其次为间歇淹水湿润+叶面喷施硅肥处理(JX)和仅灌浆期湿润+叶面喷施硅肥处理(GS),分别降低36.4%和31.8%.④在中重度Cd污染稻田建议采用仅成熟期湿润+叶面喷施硅肥处理(CS)和间歇淹水湿润+叶面喷施硅肥处理(JX),在不影响水稻产量的同时又显著降低糙米Cd含量.