O3/UV反应体系的有机物消解动力学模型

为了提高O₃/UV（臭氧协同紫外）反应体系对有机物的消解效率,降低能源消耗,基于O₃分解的SHB机理和O₃、有机物在紫外辐射下的光解机理,并考虑该反应体系中存在的3种可能的有机物消解途径和反应器出口处O₃气体浓度变化,建立了O₃/UV反应体系的动力学模型.将该模型用于消解过程中有机物消解率变化规律的研究,进一步优化消解工艺参数.结果表明:使用苯酚和乙酸作为目标有机物,以该模型进行仿真,从理论上验证了O₃气体浓度与紫外辐射间存在协同作用和不同工艺参数下所建立模型的灵敏性;将该模型与其他模型、试验测量值进行对比,验证了其优越性和准确性;对比不同pH下的3种消解途径各自贡献率的仿真结果,发现O₃/UV反应体系的pH对其消解有机物效率具有重要影响.研究显示:在O₃/UV反应体系中,紫外辐射强度和投加的O₃气体浓度二者间具有协同作用,同时调节可获得更好的消解效果;在酸性条件下有机物消解以O₃直接氧化为主,碱性条件下则以自由基间接氧化为主.      

纳米聚苯乙烯塑料对红霉素生物毒性效应的影响研究

微/纳米塑料（Micro/nano-plastic, MPs/NPs）和红霉素（ERM）是水环境中检出浓度较高新污染物,二者共存产生复合生态毒理风险.以大型溞为模式生物,研究不同老化程度的纳米聚苯乙烯塑料（PS）和ERM单独与联合暴露对浮游动物生长、繁殖、游泳等生态行为及相关蛋白和基因表达的影响.结果表明,PS和ERM能够显著影响大型溞生长、呼吸、氧化应激等多种生理行为,上调大型溞发育繁殖相关基因表达,下调抗氧化防御系统及解毒相关基因的表达.PS存在能够降低ERM对大型溞生殖、抗氧化系统和神经系统的毒性影响,增强大型溞生长发育毒性,且PS老化程度越高对ERM生物毒性的影响效果越显著.本研究为评估抗生素和纳米塑料共存污染对水生生物种群稳定和生态系统安全的影响提供数据支撑.     

基于DEA-TOPSIS时间序列的建筑业政府安全监管效率分析

为对建筑业政府安全监管效率进行科学合理的评价,优化资源配置,提高资源利用率,提升监管水平,在建立效率评价指标体系的基础上,将数据包络分析法(DEA)和优劣解距离法(TOPSIS)组合,构建建筑业政府安全监管效率评价模型,对2012—2019年西安市建筑业政府安全监管效率进行实证分析。结果表明：该模型能较好地应用于建筑业政府安全监管效率评价,通过获取政府投入指标的松弛变量值,分析建筑业政府安全监管效率,为政府优化资源配置提供借鉴。     

核桃青皮生物炭对重金属的吸附效应分析

以核桃青皮为原料,分别在300、500和700℃的条件下经过限氧热解制备了核桃青皮生物炭WP300、WP500和WP700,并应用于溶液中Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附去除.结果表明,中等热解温度下的WP500具有最高的重金属吸附性能,且在溶液初始pH为8时吸附效果最佳,对Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺和Cd²⁺的去除率分别为97.87%、99.78%和71.15%.不同吸附体系下所需的生物炭投加量不一致,在单一金属体系中,WP500对Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺和Cd²⁺的最佳投加量为1.3、2.1和1.9 g ·L^-1,而在复合污染体系下,生物炭最佳投加量为5.1 g ·L^-1.此外,在单一和复合重金属反应体系中,WP500对3种重金属的吸附量均呈现出Pb²⁺>Cu²⁺>Cd²⁺的规律,且在竞争吸附条件下,3种吸附质之间不存在协同或拮抗作用.等温吸附模型拟合结果显示,WP500对Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺和Cd²⁺的固定方式较为多元,而动力学拟合结果则证明了WP500与Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺和Cd²⁺之间主要是化学吸附.分析表明核桃青皮生物炭对3种重金属的吸附机制涉及孔隙填充、静电吸附、离子交换、矿物沉淀、官能团络合和π-π电子供体-受体相互作用.本研究为核桃青皮的资源化利用提供了一种新的视角.     

以回用为目标的H/A/O组合污水处理工艺研究

应用H/A/O 组合工艺的一体化设备,对中等浓度的城市生活污水和低浓度火电厂生产废水进行处理,两者的CODCr去除率分别达到93.68%和73.60%.该法解决了传统工艺处理火电厂低浓度废水效果不佳的问题,适用于城市生活小区或中小型火电厂的污水处理.     

Least cost electricity generation options based on environmental impact abatement

The power sector in Thailand is the largest contributor to CO₂ emissions. There is high potential to mitigate CO₂ emission via alternative power generating plants. Alternative plants considered in this study include nuclear plants, integrated gasification combined cycle plants, biomass-based plants and supercritical thermal power plants. The biomass-based plants considered here are fueled with four types of biomass; paddy husk, municipal solid waste (MSW), fuel wood and corncob. The methodology for the optimal expansion plan of the power generating system over the planning horizon is based on the least-cost approach. The results from the least-cost planning analyses show that the nuclear alternative has the highest potential to mitigate not only CO₂ but also other airborne emissions. Moreover, the nuclear option is the most effective abatement strategy for CO₂ reduction due to its negative incremental cost of CO₂ reduction.     

化工清洁生产工艺两例

介绍了两种化工清洁生产工艺 ,通过传统工艺与清洁生产工艺的比较说明了化工清洁生产工艺的必要性和发展趋势     

焦化废水处理与工程试运行控制

介绍了焦化厂焦化废水的来源、水质特点及处理方式,介绍了采用的A/O2生化酚氰废水处理工艺,及该工艺在某公司废水处理过程中的试运行和控制.     

污水处理生物技术的应用

针对环保要求日益严格，而水源污染却越演越烈的现象，选择性地综述了湿地工艺、固定化藻类和活性污泥等生物技术在污水处理中的应用实例及其在净化废水、减轻水体富营养化方面的显著作用。三项生物技术的共同特点是高效快速、低耗节能、简易实用、管理方便且能耐受高负荷污水的冲击。净化污水主要通过基质的过滤吸附、微生物的分解代谢、植物根系或藻类的吸收利用等理化和生物的协同作用。确保和提高污水净化效果的关键因素是：湿地系统——水力负荷与停留时间、有机污染物负荷、根系发达的植物种类；固定化藻类——载体的传导性能和孔径、校固定藻类的细胞粒径、密度和生长状态、藻类生长的最适pH和温度条件；活性污泥技术——单位体积内好气性微生物的浓度及其与其他活性生物的比例、活性污泥的循环速度与回用、系统中的溶氧浓度和好气条件。     

Denitrification potential in a Louisiana wetland receiving diverted Mississippi River water

Excess nitrate in Mississippi River water entering offshore areas is reported to contribute to low oxygen (hypoxia) conditions in the Gulf of Mexico. Excessive algal growth driven by the excess nitrogen results in a decrease in dissolved oxygen in bottom water. Reintroduction of Mississippi River waters into a Louisiana coastal wetland has the potential to reduce the amount of nitrate reaching offshore waters. In this study, reduction in the concentration of added NO₃^- was determined in sediment-water-columns collected from a wetland site in Breton Sound estuary receiving nutrient inputs from the Mississippi River. The capacity of a wetland to process nitrate in floodwater was determined in the laboratory. The rates of NO₃^- removal (determined from change in nitrate concentration in the floodwater) averaged 97 mg N m^-2 d^-1 over 16 d for a 1750-mg NO₃-N m^-2 addition, and 170 mg N m^-2 d^-1 over 16 d for a 3500-mg NO₃-N m^-2 addition. The total N₂O-N emissions from the 1750- and 3500-mg NO₃-N m^-2 additions were 19 and 54 mg N m^-2 accounting for 1.1% and 1.5% of the applied NO₃-N, respectively. Using the acetylene-inhibition technique, the average denitrification rate was determined to be 57 and 87 mg N m^-2 d^-1 (21 and 32 g N m^-2 yr^-1) during the most active denitrification period of 5 d after incubation for 1750 and 3500 mg NO₃^--N m^-2 of added nitrate in floodwater, respectively. The total N evolved over 11 d as N₂O + N₂ was equivalent to 436 and 921 mg N m^-2 (24.9% and 26.3%, respectively, of added N). Increasing the amount of NO₃^- applied to the overlying water increased the rate of NO₃^- loss and N₂O emission significantly. The thickness of the oxidized surface sediment layer was also influenced by the NO₃^- application to the floodwater with a significant linear correlation between nitrate addition and thickness of the oxidized layer (r = 0.9998, p = 0.01). This study indicates that wetlands receiving diverted Mississippi River water have the potential to process and remove NO₃^- in the river water, reducing the amount of NO₃^- reaching to offshore areas.