印染废水的治理及相关问题

文中讨论了水解酸化-好氧-生物炭及水解酸化-好氧-气浮工艺处理印染废水时的优缺点，采用上述工艺印染污水，可使CODcr：1000mg／L、BOD5：300mg／L、ss：300mg／L、色度：〉300倍的印染废水达标排放.     

隔声屏障在冷却机组降噪中的设计与应用实证

本文对成都双流九江环保垃圾发电厂循环冷却机组进行噪声治理,通过在声音传播途径上设立隔声屏障,并对该声屏障进行声学设计理论计算,声屏障建成后该机组在厂界外1m处,噪声值达到国家厂界噪声排放标准要求,并通过详细的实测数据、建立图形,进一步验证了声屏障理论计算公式和保护范围。     

水体微型生物群落参数与水质指标相关性的研究

利用聚氨酯泡沫塑料块(简称PFU)对清华园内某一连续水体中的微型生物群落的变化进行了观测.所研究的微型生物主要包括细菌、真菌、藻类和原生动物,此外也包括一些小型的后生动物,如轮虫等.所考察的水质指标主要有:水温,pH值,DO,COD_Mn,TN,TP以及叶绿素a含量等,并对水体的富营养化程度进行评价,采用层次分析-主要成分分析营养度法(AHP-PCA法)计算出综合营养指数TLI_c值.试验结果表明水体微型生物群落参数(如S_ep,G,T_90%和HI)和水质指标(如TLI_c)之间具有良好的相关性.      

石油化工装置污染源分析

对石油化工行业三大典型工艺,即炼油、乙烯和化纤的污染源产生情况及特性进行分析,找出不同装置废气、废水、固体废物等污染源产生的特点和共性,以利于石油化工项目的环境影响评价工作中污染源产生情况的准确分析和评价。     

企业节能量计算方法浅析

阐述了企业在实施节能降耗过程中普遍采用的节能量计算方法,对产品单耗节能量和技术措施节能量进行了分析,并对比了采用单耗法和技术措施法计算节能量的适用范围和局限性,指出两种方法对企业的意义,提出了在节能量计算过程中的注意事项和几点认识。     

A Multi‐Scale Analysis of Single‐Family Residential Water Use in the Phoenix Metropolitan Area

Studies that evaluate determinants of residential water demand typically use data from a single spatial scale. Although household‐scale data are preferred, especially when econometric models are used, researchers may be limited to aggregate data. There is little, if any, empirical analysis to assess whether spatial scale may lead to ecological fallacy problems in residential water use research. Using linear mixed‐effects models, we compare the results for the relationship of single‐family water use with its determinants using data from the household and census tract scales in the city of Phoenix. Model results between the household and census tract scale are similar suggesting the ecological fallacy may not be significant. Common significant determinants on these two spatial scales include household size, household income, house age, pool size, irrigable lot size, precipitation, and temperature. We also use city/town scale data from the Phoenix metropolitan area to parameterize the linear mixed‐effects model. The difference in the parameter estimates of those common variables compared to the first two scales indicates there is spatial heterogeneity in the relationship between single‐family water use and its determinants among cities and towns. The negative relationship between single‐family house density and residential water use suggests that residential water consumption could be reduced through coordination of land use planning and water demand management.     

土地利用变化及流域尺度大小对水文类型分区的影响

以海河流域为研究对象,根据1956-2005 年的年降雨量和水面蒸发资料以及DEM、土地利用和土壤的遥感资料,采用地理信息系统和多元统计分析的方法,划分一定单元流域,对海河流域进行水文类型分区划分,并讨论了土地利用转移变化及单元流域尺度大小对水文类型分区的影响。结果表明,不同土地利用情况下水文类型分区的结果是不同的,土地利用的变化会直接或间接影响流域水文类型分区的空间分布,土地利用变化越大,水文类型分区的转移变化也越大。单元流域尺度较小时,水文类型分区分布较为离散,反之,单元流域尺度较大时,水文类型分区的分布则较为连续。当单元流域平均面积变化小于150 km²时,分区分布虽然有一定的变化,但总体来看分区结果相对比较稳定,当单元流域平均面积变化较大,并达到250km²以上时,分区结果会发生较大变化。     

高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮除藻的研究

湖泊、水库等水源的富营养化,使藻类去除成为饮用水生产的重要任务.本研究采用高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮除藻,考察了混凝剂、气泡表面积通量和浮选柱高度等因素的影响.试验表明,高气泡表面积通量浮选柱气浮可高效地去除绿藻、硅藻和蓝藻,叶绿素a和藻类去除率达95%以上,比传统浮选柱气浮和沉降作业有较大幅度提高.与普通气浮柱比较,高气泡表面积通量浮选柱增加了气泡与藻的碰撞几率,防止因大表观充气速率造成的紊流和扰动,使气泡/藻结合体有相对静态的浮升环境,避免了气泡/藻结合体在浮升过程中的脱落,实现对藻类的迅速捕集和转移.     

Transformations of particles, metal elements and natural organic matter in different water treatment processes

Characterizing natural organic matter （NOM）, particles and elements in different water treatment processes can give a useful information to optimize water treatment operations. In this article, transformations of particles, metal elements and NOM in a pilot-scale water treatment plant were investigated by laser light granularity system, particle counter, glass-fiber membrane filtration, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, ultra filtration and resin absorbents fractionation. The results showed that particles, NOM and trihalomethane formation precursors were removed synergistically by sequential treatment of different processes. Preozonation markedly changed the polarity and molecular weight of NOM, and it could be conducive to the following coagulation process through destabilizing particles and colloids; mid-ozonation enhanced the subsequent granular activated carbon （GAC） filtration process by decreasing molecular weight of organic matters. Coagulation-flotation and GAC were more efficient in removing fixed suspended solids and larger particles; while sand-filtration was more efficient in removing volatile suspended solids and smaller particles. Flotation performed better than sedimentation in terms of particle and NOM removal. The type of coagulant could greatly affect the performance of coagulation-flotation. Pre-hydrolyzed composite coagulant （HPAC） was superior to FeCl3 concerning the removals of hydrophobic dissolved organic carbon and volatile suspended solids. The leakages of flocs from sand-filtration and microorganisms from GAC should be mitigated to ensure the reliability of the whole treatment system.     

电子制冷预浓缩仪-气相色谱-质谱法测空气中含硫化合物

建立电子制冷预浓缩仪-气相色谱-质谱法测定空气中10种含硫化合物的方法。经考察不同采样容器、优化预处理条件、研究样品保存等获得了最佳实验条件,并通过实际样品的测定,考察了方法的适用性。结果表明:硫化氢、甲硫醇和乙硫醇3种高活性含硫化合物校准曲线线性回归系数在0.990以上,另外7种含硫化合物在0.995以上;高、中、低空白加标样品相对标准偏差均为9.5%以内,乙硫醇由于具有高活性和吸附性,低浓度空白加标回收率为63%,其余组分回收率范围为83%~110%;当进样体积为400 mL时,各目标化合物的方法检出限为0.2×10^-3~1.1×10^-3 mg/m³。分析污水处理厂无组织排放监控点的空气结果显示,该方法具有较低的检出限及较强的抗干扰能力,能较好地满足目前监测工作的要求。