Release behavior and bioefficacy of imazethapyr formulations based on biopolymeric hydrogels

Controlled release formulations of imazethapyr herbicide have been developed employing guar gum-g-cl-polyacrylate/bentonite clay hydrogel composite (GG-HG) and guar gum-g-cl-PNIPAm nano hydrogel (GG-NHG) as carriers, to assess the suitability of biopolymeric hydrogels as controlled herbicide release devices. The kinetics of imazethapyr release from the developed formulations was studied in water and it revealed that the developed formulations of imazethapyr behaved as slow release formulations as compared to commercial formulation. The calculated diffusion exponent (n) values showed that Fickian diffusion was the predominant mechanism of imazethapyr release from the developed formulations. Time for release of half of the loaded imazethapyr (t_1/2) ranged between 0.06 and 4.8 days in case of GG-NHG and 4.4 and 12.6 days for the GG-HG formulations. Weed control index (WCI) of GG-HG and GG-NHG formulations was similar to that of the commercial formulation and the herbicidal effect was observed for relatively longer period. Guar gum-based biopolymeric hydrogels in both macro and nano particle size range can serve as potential carriers in developing slow release herbicide formulations.     

环境与经济形势的景气分析研究

为了识别社会经济发展对环境的影响,借鉴宏观经济景气分析的方法,构建了环境与经济形势景气分析框架.在识别影响环境发展态势的主要社会经济要素的基础上,构建环境与经济景气分析指标体系,并划分出针对污染物排放的先行和一致性指标,同时对其进行景气指数分析,预测预警未来环境的发展态势.应用该方法对全国大气环境SO2排放展开景气分析.2008年大气环境景气分析一致扩散指数为71.43,处于景气区间;合成指数为99.53,相对于2002年总体上呈下降趋势;社会经济发展对环境呈景气影响.但是先行扩散指数跌至不景气区间,部分指标出现环境不景气的变化趋势,会影响未来SO2减排.因此,需要进一步关注各预警指标的景气动向,通过控制重污染行业的产值比重及固定资产投资增长率,提高能源利用效率,优化能源消费结构,保证社会经济同环境的协调发展.     

纳米Bi_2O_3-Ni_2O_3的制备及光催化性能研究

采用微乳法制备了镍、铋复合氧化物纳米粒子,以XRD、TG-DTA、XPS及紫外-可见光谱仪对合成材料进行了表征,并以甲苯为目标污染物对其气-固复相光催化性能进行了研究。结果表明:Ni和Bi都显+3价,XRD曲线上分别出现Ni2O3和Bi2O3的特征衍射峰,制备样品是Ni2O3与Bi2O3复合氧化物,对于单一Bi2O3,制备的复合氧化物由于Ni2O3具有较强的电子富集能力,能够快速地传递光照射产生的电子,导致光生电子与空穴分离效率大大提高,促进了氧化反应,显示出了较好的光催化活性。     

Na2S与高聚复配絮凝剂处理酸性高As废水

以酸性高As废水为处理对象,利用硫化法去除并回收As,研究了Na₂S·9H₂O投加量、反应初始pH、反应时间、Na₂S·9H₂O投加方式对As去除效果的影响,并通过XRD(X射线衍射)、XRF(X射线荧光光谱分析)对回收的As渣进行分析;对处理后的含As废水,利用高聚复配絮凝剂深度脱As,研究了絮凝剂优化条件、絮凝剂投加量、反应pH对深度脱As的影响并与常见絮凝剂进行对比. 结果表明,Na₂S·9H₂O投加量为55g/L、两段投加、反应时间为5min、初始pH为2.0的条件下可达最佳除As效果,处理后As回收率达98%以上,出水ρ(As)为0.61g/L,As渣中w(As)、w(S)分别达49.15%、40.98%,其他重金属元素几乎未检出. 在絮凝剂n(Fe)∶n(Si)=5∶1、投加量为7mL/L、pH为8的条件下可得最优深度脱As效果,出水ρ(As)低于0.3mg/L,同等条件下优于常规絮凝剂处理效果. 多批次扩大试验结果表明,组合技术处理废水水质稳定,As回收率平均可达98%以上,出水ρ(As)低于0.3mg/L.      

Selective separation and preconcentration studies of chromium(VI) with Alamine 336 supported liquid membrane

Chromium compounds have received considerable attention because these are used extensively in such industrial applications as electroplating, steelmaking, tanning of leather goods, and corrosion inhibition. The use of supported liquid membranes (SLMs) to remove metals from wastewaters has actively been pursued by the scientific and industrial community. In the present work, the selective separation and preconcentration of Cr(VI) ions has been studied by using a commercial amine as the membrane liquid on the porous polypropylene support. Permeation experiments were conducted on a laboratory scale batch reactor made up of perspex, with a memberane fixed amid the two chambers. The flux of Cr(VI) ions was found to be maximum (3.15?×?10^?5?mol?cm^?2?s^?1) around pH 1. Above and below this pH the flux decreases. Distribution studies show that an increase in the amine concentration leads to higher distribution coefficients at fixed pH values. At pH around unity, the distribution of Cr(VI) ions into the organic phase was found to be maximum, of the order of 56.3. The Cr(VI) transport through the membrane increases with rise in temperature. In order to check the long-term efficiency of the flat sheet SLM, an experiment was conducted with higher Cr(VI) concentration (5000?ppm) for 24?h, at optimised parameters. It was observed that in 24?h, about 1/5th of the feed Cr(VI) is left over while the rest is transported. However, minute organic droplets were also seen in the feed and strip compartments, after 1 day. This observation suggested the loss of membrane liquid. The feasibility of preconcentration of Cr(VI) by using the proposed SLM parameters, was also studied by using the hollow fibre (HF) system. Highest enrichment factor (E.F) value was obtained for 50?mg?L^?1 whereby all of the metal was transported to the stripping phase and the resulting Cr concentration was 688?mg?L^?1 (E.F?=?13.8). It was observed that while treating more diluted solutions, the enrichment factor decreases. The values of E.F equal to 8.9 and 11.3 were found for initial Cr concentration of 10 and 30?mg?L^?1.     

The boll weevil‐cotton plant complex

The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman was introduced from Mexico into the United States about 1892. More than three‐fourths of all insect losses to cotton in this country have been attributed to this insect, and it is generally agreed that cotton cannot be profitably grown in areas where it occurs without adequate control measures. This review summarizes the chemically oriented research conducted on this plant‐insect complex during the past seventy years with emphasis on the program conducted since 1962 at the Boll Weevil Research Laboratory.

Of plant‐insect relationships, host plant resistance, feeding stimulants, plant attractants, and plant constituents are discussed. Insect‐insect relationships treated include insecticides, chemosterilants and hormones, sex attractants, and insect constituents. The development of an integrated program for the attempted eradication of this insect is also discussed.     

Application of magnesite–bentonite clay composite as an alternative technology for removal of arsenic from industrial effluents

This study evaluated the feasibility of integrating amorphous magnesite and bentonite clay (composite) as an alternative technology for removing arsenic from industrial effluents. The removal of arsenic from industrial effluents by using magnesite–bentonite clay composite was carried out in batch mode. The effects of equilibration time, adsorbent dosage, adsorbate concentration, and pH on removal of arsenic were investigated. The experiments demonstrated that ≈100% arsenic removal is optimum at 30 minutes of agitation, 2 g of adsorbent dosage (2 g: 100 mL, S/L ratio), and 20 mg L^?1 of arsenic concentration. The adsorption data fitted well to both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models, hence proving monolayer and multilayer adsorption. The kinetic studies revealed that the data fitted better to a pseudo-second-order reaction than to a pseudo-first-order reaction, hence proving chemisorption. At optimized conditions, the composite was able to remove arsenic to below World Health Organization water quality guidelines, hence depicting that the composite is effective and efficient in removing arsenic from contaminated water. Based on that, this comparative study proves that the composite is a promising adsorbent with high adsorption capacity for arsenic and can be a suitable substitute for the conventional treatment methods.     

Absorption and retention of polydimethylsiloxanes (silicones) in fish: Preliminary experiments†

Hydrophobicity and bioaccumulation potential of linear and cyclic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) oligomers were estimated by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography and feeding experiments with guppies (Poecilia reticulata). PDMS concentrations in fish were determined by capillary column gas chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. In contrast to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), only very small amounts of PDMS were retained by the fish after six weeks feeding.     

现浇X形桩复合地基拓宽高速公路路基沉降计算方法研究

软土路基沉降计算是高速公路拓宽工程中的重要课题。以南京长江四桥南接线栖霞互通312国道拓宽段采用现浇X形桩处理的软基路段为背景,推导出现浇X形桩拓宽路基的附加应力和沉降计算方法,采用附加应力叠加的方式计算拓宽新路堤引起的附加应力,在沉降计算中引入充盈折减系数以反映异形桩的截面效应,建立了现浇X形桩拓宽路堤的沉降计算简化公式。分析了全部路堤、老路堤和新路堤下附加应力和沉降分布规律并与现场监测结果进行对比,对拓宽工程沉降的主要影响因素进行了讨论,分析了不同拓宽宽度和坡比下附加应力及沉降分布规律。     

钴负载MCM-41分子筛催化臭氧氧化水中氯代苯甲酸

通过水热法合成介孔分子筛MCM-41,采用等体积浸渍法制备了Co负载MCM-41分子筛催化剂(Co/MCM-41).小角X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-vis DRS)、N2吸附-脱附等温线及透射电镜(TEM)等对催化剂的成分、结构的表征结果显示,Co/MCM-41保持了纯硅MCM-41有序的介孔结构,钴元素以钴氧化物形式存在,比表面达到772 m.2g-1.将Co/MCM-41分子筛用于催化臭氧氧化水中对氯苯甲酸(p-CBA)的研究,结果表明,在优化条件下(2%负载量和25℃反应温度),催化剂的加入显著改善了TOC去除率,达到84.6%,是单独臭氧氧化的1.6倍.