考虑可靠性的矿井瓦斯传感器选址模型

针对依据现行煤矿安全规程及相关规范布置的瓦斯传感器有可能出现失效的情况,提出兼顾经济性和可靠性双目标的瓦斯传感器优化选址模型。借助图论和设施选址理论,以矿井通风网络节点为候选布置点,节点间的风流流经时间为监测等级,以煤矿相关规程规范硬性要求的布置点为必选点,建立瓦斯传感器多目标优化选址模型。然后,基于Pareto蚁群算法(PACA)阐述模型的求解过程。最后,结合某风网算例,给出模型与算法的具体应用。结果表明:模型的非劣解包含了传统的以最小化传感器成本为目标的选址模型最优解,并且可靠性越高所需的传感器就越多。     

灾后应急资源配送的LRP模型与算法研究

针对灾后应急资源配送的优化问题,考虑配送中心定位和配送路径方案的相互影响,建立应急资源配送的“定位-路径安排问题”优化模型,给出应急配送中心定位和配送可靠路径的全局优化方案。根据该模型的特点,设计多吸引子的离散粒子群优化算法,并结合仿真与分析,验证模型和算法的有效性。模型与算法的研究,对于突发事件下不确定交通路网应急资源配送决策具有一定指导意义。     

凝结水处理技术在大港石化的应用

根据石化行业凝结水污染的特点,结合大港石化动力车间凝结水处理前的现状及凝结水含油、铁及其他离子的情况,采用了复合双层膜凝结水处理技术对凝结水中的油、铁进行去除,运行实践证明油的去除率≥90％,铁的去除率≥80％,出水符合国家锅炉补水标准,并具有运行成本低等特点。此项技术填补了石化行业凝结水除油除铁的空白。     

基于DEM的地形指数提取方法及应用

在水文模拟中,地形指数ln(α/tan β) 作为反映地形信息的物理指标具有很高的应用价值。应用基于DEM的River Tools软件和GRIDATB程序,对红壤丘陵区地形起伏平缓的小流域进行地形指数的提取。 River Tools软件和GRIDATB程序分别使用目前常用的D8方法（单流向法）和多流向法。结果表明：与多流向法相比,D8方法的计算值较为离散,分布曲线较粗糙,平均值略高,方差和偏态系数也较大;但是,两种方法计算的ln(α/tan β) 的分布曲线大致相似。对于仅需要ln(α/tan β) 频率分布的水文模型（如TOPMODEL）来说,可以用单流向法取代多流向法来计算ln(α/tan β) 的频率分布。     

Decision Tree Algorithm for Detection of Spatial Processes in Landscape Transformation

The conversion of landscapes by human activities results in widespread changes in landscape spatial structure. Regardless of the type of land conversion, there appears to be a limited number of common spatial configurations that result from such land transformation processes. Some of these configurations are considered optimal or more desirable than others. Based on pattern geometry, we define ten processes responsible for pattern change: aggregation, attrition, creation, deformation, dissection, enlargement, fragmentation, perforation, shift, and shrinkage. A novelty in this contribution is the inclusion of transformation processes causing expansion of the land cover of interest. Consequently, we propose a decision tree algorithm that enables detection of these processes, based on three parameters that have to be determined before and after the transformation of the landscape: area, perimeter length, and number of patches of the focal landscape class. As an example, the decision tree algorithm is applied to determine the transformation processes of three divergent land cover change scenarios: deciduous woodland degradation in Cadiz Township (Wisconsin, USA) 1831–1950, canopy gap formation in a terra firme rain forest at the Tiputini Biodiversity Station (Amazonian Ecuador) 1997–1998, and forest regrowth in Petersham Township (Massachusetts, USA) 1830–1985. The examples signal the importance of the temporal resolution of the data, since long-term pattern conversions can be subdivided in stadia in which particular pattern components are altered by specific transformation processes.     

Multi-criteria decision analysis for the optimal management of nitrate contamination of aquifers

We present an integrated methodology for the optimal management of nitrate contamination of ground water combining environmental assessment and economic cost evaluation through multi-criteria decision analysis. The proposed methodology incorporates an integrated physical modeling framework accounting for on-ground nitrogen loading and losses, soil nitrogen dynamics, and fate and transport of nitrate in ground water to compute the sustainable on-ground nitrogen loading such that the maximum contaminant level is not violated. A number of protection alternatives to stipulate the predicted sustainable on-ground nitrogen loading are evaluated using the decision analysis that employs the importance order of criteria approach for ranking and selection of the protection alternatives. The methodology was successfully demonstrated for the Sumas-Blaine aquifer in Washington State. The results showed the importance of using this integrated approach which predicts the sustainable on-ground nitrogen loadings and provides an insight into the economic consequences generated in satisfying the environmental constraints. The results also show that the proposed decision analysis framework, within certain limitations, is effective when selecting alternatives with competing demands.     

蚁群算法在马斯京根模型参数估计中的应用

蚁群算法是一种模拟进化算法,该算法具有许多优越的性质.研究了一种可用于求解连续空间优化问题的蚁群算法策略,针对洪水演算的马斯京根模型参数估计问题,应用连续性空间优化问题的蚁群算法模型进行了求解.应用实例表明,蚁群算法在求解连续空间优化问题中是很有效的,可以广泛应用于各种自然灾害模型的优化问题.     

UBAF两种挂膜方式的试验研究

对复合式接种挂膜与自然挂膜两种挂膜方式进行比较，对两种挂膜方法下生物膜生长及对有机物和氨氮等指标的去除情况进行了测定和分析。结果表明，复合式接种挂膜可以加快曝气生物滤池的启动，7天后COD的去除率稳定在80％以上，启动时间比自然挂膜的UBAF滤柱缩短了7天，且该方式的一级C柱启动时间短，COD处理效果较好，二级C／N柱更利于硝化菌的生长和固定，NH3-N去除率达到73．2％。     

含油污水中固体废物固化与燃煤混烧的可行性

在含油污水处理过程中易产生含油污泥、活性污泥及浮渣等固体废物,利用传统的焚烧法、分离法、填埋法、生物降解法处理这些废物具有一定的缺陷和局限性。为了利用这些废物中的油及有机质的潜在能量,大庆炼化公司对固体废物进行了脱水固化试验。结果表明,脱水后的废物可以达到较好的固化状态,并具有一定的热值。固化废物经粉碎处理后,可按一定比例与燃煤混烧。在正常生产状况下,热电厂可保证混合燃烧的效果,其总体热值不会降低。混烧后的灰渣和炉渣可作为水泥厂的原料。该方法有利于环境保护,但其工业化生产可行性有待于进一步证实。     

高效复合微生物菌剂对聚丙烯酰胺的无害化降解

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对环境的污染日趋严重,尤其是降解后的单体丙烯酰胺对人类的神经系统有很大的危害。筛选出的优势菌可对PAM溶液有良好的降解效果,降解率达到89%。但是,PAM不能成为菌种的最佳营养物,添加基础营养液可使其达到最佳降解的目的。通过对培养条件的优化,提高了菌种的降解能力。本复合菌剂在降解PAM的同时,迅速降解掉脱落的丙烯酰胺单体,不会对环境造成二次污染。