Probe into effect of the initiator on the thermal runaway hazards of methyl methacrylate bulk polymerization

The bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) is of great importance in chemical industry, but the polymerization process is highly hazardous, and few reports have focused on the effect of initiators on its thermal hazards. In this work, to thoroughly explore the thermal hazard characteristics, the runaway behavior of MMA bulk polymerization is investigated by a combination of thermodynamics experimental and kinetics theoretical methods. The results indicate that the presence of initiator exhibits an undesirable thermal hazard to the MMA bulk polymerization, and its exothermic behavior is also greatly influenced by the type and concentration of initiator. For azobisisoheptanenitrile (ABVN), azodiisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and dibenzoyl peroxide (BPO) initiators as examples, the AIBN-initiated reaction has the shortest adiabatic induction period (39.51 min), whereas the BPO-initiated polymerization exhibits the strongest maximum temperature-rising rate and maximum pressure-rising rate. Under adiabatic runaway, the temperature and pressure change significantly with increasing AIBN concentration, revealing a great potential risk of thermal runaway. Kinetic parameters are calculated to further understand the thermal runaway mechanisms, showing a strong agreement with the adiabatic experimental data. Finally, based on the cooling failure scenario, severity grading is determined by the evaluation criteria. The current work provides extensive data as a reference and guidance for the process design and optimization of MMA bulk polymerization from the perspective of safety.     

Ecological assessment of the environmental impacts of the kerosene burning in jet turbines and its improvement assessment

The burning of kerosene in jet turbines is investigated for two reference flights with a Boeing 747-400 and an Airbus A320-200, representing the typical Lufthansa planes for long and middle distance. The ecological evaluation is performed by Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Formation of condensation trails, which is a specific environmental impact caused by air traffic, has to be considered in addition to established LCA impact categories. Based on the ecological assessment, an improvement assessment is performed. Environmental performance of diesel fuel during the combustion in car engines is analysed based on available publications. The relevant parameters for the environmental impact of the combustion of diesel (aromatics content, reduction of sulphur content, the reduction of the density and raising of the cetane number) are discussed with regard to improvements of the exhaust qualities of kerosene. A reduction of the aromatics content promises to improve the emission of soot which should be further investigated.     

On the origin of elevated levels of persistent chemicals in the environment

In general, contamination levels tend to be highest close to sources of a chemical and decline with increasing distance as a result of dilution, dispersion and degradation. However, contrary to this, circumstances have been described when contamination levels are higher further away from sources than at the sources themselves. Examples are elevated levels of persistent, hydrophobic, organic chemicals in the Arctic, in mountain regions and in forest soils. In order to address the questions of why and when such an inversion of environmental levels is occurring, this paper seeks to identify, name and categorise principles of general validity leading to such behaviour. By compiling and analysing various causes of elevated contamination levels in the environment, three main categories became apparent, 1. equilibrium partitioning effects, 2. effects resulting from changes in phase composition, volume or temperature, and 3. dynamic or kinetic effects. These principles are illustrated with several examples. The case can be made that understanding, quantifying and predicting these causes could provide a general conceptual framework for studying the fate of chemicals in the environment.     

牡丹皮、川芎和石菖蒲挥发油提取工艺研究

目的确定牡丹皮、川芎和石菖蒲挥发油最适宜的提取工艺方法．方法用共水回流冷凝法研究了三种药材混合提取及分开提取挥发油的工艺方法,以挥发油的重量为指标来评价提取工艺．结果混合提取及分开提取所获得的挥发油的重量,经统计学分析无显著性差异（P〉0．05）．结论共水回流冷凝法混合提取牡丹皮、川芎和石菖蒲挥发油的工艺可行、简便,适合工业化大生产．表5,参3     

高污染下云凝结核对雨、雾滴谱的影响

利用气候基准站、云凝结核计数器、雾滴谱仪和雨滴谱仪等观测资料,分析威宁污染时期云凝结核（CCN）对雨雾滴谱的影响. 结果表明：观测期间威宁CCN数浓度很高,S=0.2%、0.4%、0.6%和0.8%时的平均CCN浓度分别为2884、8003、10470、11685cm^-3,与部分重污染城市相当;CCN有明显的日变化特征,分别在12：00、16：00和20：00出现峰值,与居民生活排放、火电源排放、湍流交换和气象条件等有关;利用N=CS^k式拟合威宁CCN活化谱,平均拟合参数C=14288cm^-3,k=0.8,表明该地属典型大陆型核谱;威宁冬季云层薄、云顶低的云系特点提供了宏观天气背景,高浓度CCN是导致此次雨、雾过程弱,滴谱窄的重要微观条件.     

PDA的制备及其对水体中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的去除性能

以二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为原料,Span-80和Tween-80为乳化剂,液体石蜡为分散相,采用分批加料法,反相乳液聚合制备二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵与丙烯酰胺的共聚物(PDA)。研究内容包括单体配比、引发剂配比、油水体积比和pH值对产物特性粘度的影响。研究获得的优化聚合条件为:单体质量比(DMDAAC∶AM)为2∶8,引发剂质量比(NaHSO3∶K2S2O8)为5∶3,油水体积比为1∶1.2,pH值为8。选用自制PDA用于去除水中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)时,在絮凝剂PDA的投加量为0.60 mg/L,pH值为10时,DMP的去除效果最好,去除率达到98.31%。     

固定污染源排放可凝结颗粒物采样方法综述

综述了国内外固定污染源可凝结颗粒物(CPM)冲击冷凝法和稀释冷凝法2种采样方法,指出CPM是固定污染源排放颗粒物的重要组成部分,国内对于固定污染源CPM排放的监测和研究尚处于起步阶段,缺乏必要的CPM采样标准方法。通过分析2种采样方法的优缺点,提出冲击冷凝采样法需进一步降低SO_2等水溶性气体的影响,提高气相CPM冷凝效果及超细颗粒态CPM的捕集效率;稀释冷凝法需提高采样装置的便携性实现可过滤颗粒物(FPM)和CPM的分离采样,提高采样管路壁面颗粒物回收率。同时,针对我国固定污染源如燃煤电厂大量使用湿法脱硫设备的情况,CPM采样方法需提高对低温高湿且夹带液滴烟气采样的适用性。     

海上含油钻屑的热解析除油处理

采用间接加热的热解析技术对海上油田含油钻屑进行处理,考察了热解析处理的效果和影响因素。实验结果表明：在热解析主温度为410.0 ℃下对含油率为14.00%~23.60%（w）的钻屑进行热解析处理,处理后钻屑的石油烃含量低至0.07%;为达到处理后钻屑含油率低于1%的要求,处理速率最高可达2.47 t/h;回收油的主要烃类化合物组成与岩屑油一致,可用于泥浆复配;冷凝回收水的COD及石油类物质超标,处理后可作为循环冷却水的补充水;外排气体的污染物指标达到国家排放标准;该套实验装置处理含油率为14.00%~23.60%的钻屑,柴油消耗量小于15 L/t、电能消耗量小于9 kW·h/t。     

温度循环中的湿度控制

通过对温度循环中凝露原理的分析,解释了采用充入干燥氮气(空气)进行湿度控制的原理,并从理论上分析和确定了进行该方法采用干燥氮气或空气的压力及流量,从而对参数进行了规范,确保试验的一致性。此外,本文还对温度循环中为何观测不到凝露现象进行了解释。     

交联壳聚糖季铵盐吸附剂的制备及其对重金属离子的吸附

以壳聚糖为原料、二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（DMDAAC）为接枝单体、甲醛为预交联剂、环氧氯丙烷为交联剂,通过反相乳液聚合制备出交联壳聚糖季铵盐吸附剂,并将其用于吸附Ni（Ⅱ）和Cr（Ⅵ）。考察了吸附时间、溶液初始浓度、溶液pH等因素对吸附效果的影响。实验结果表明：该吸附剂对Ni（Ⅱ）和Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附过程遵循拟二级动力学方程,吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程;在30 ℃条件下,Ni（Ⅱ）和Cr（Ⅵ）的溶液初始浓度均为1 mmol/L时,该吸附剂吸附Ni（Ⅱ）和Cr（Ⅵ）的最佳溶液pH分别为7和6,对应的平衡吸附量分别为1.18,1.99 mmol/g;该吸附剂可用盐酸再生,重复使用性能良好。