The application of life cycle assessment to design

This paper explores the practical application of life cycle assessment (LCA) to product system development. While life cycle assessment methods have been studied and demonstrated extensively over the last two decades, their application to product design and development has not been critically addressed. Many organizational and operational factors limit the integration of the three LCA components (inventory analysis, impact assessment and improvement assessment) with product development. Design of the product system can be considered a synthesis of individual decisions and choices made by the design team, which ultimately shape the system's environmental profile. The environmental goal of life cycle design is to minimize the aggregate environmental impacts associated with the product system. Appropriate environmental information must be supplied to decision makers throughout each stage of the development process to achieve this goal. LCA can serve as a source of this information, but informational requirements can vary as the design moves from its conceptual phase, where many design choices are possible, to its detailed design and implementation. Streamlined approaches and other tools, such as design checklists, are essential. The practical use of this tool in product development also depends on the nature and complexity of the product system (e.g. new vs. established), the product development cycle (time-to-market constraints), availability of technical and financial resources, and the design approach (integrated vs. serial). These factors will influence the role and scope of LCA in product development. Effective communication and evaluation of environmental information and the integration of this information with cost, performance, cultural and legal criteria will also be critical to the success of design initiatives based on the life cycle framework. An overview of several of these design initiatives will be presented.     

秦沈客运专线路基声屏障工程设计与施工

秦沈客运专线首次在通过村庄附近地段的路基上设计安装声屏障工程 ,作为降低列车通过时的噪音、减弱扰民程度的重要措施。文中介绍了声屏障工程的设计与施工、管理等情况。     

面向经济回收的产品设计系统构成

面向回收的产品设计能够使废旧产品得到更好的回收和重用，优化拆卸序列的生成必须基于产品拆卸的经济性分析。论述了面向经济回收的产品设计系统的构成及相关的关键问题，分析了产品的零件材料回收价值与拆卸工艺，建立了零件材料合理回收的评估方法。     

A strategic design approach to develop sustainable product service systems: examples taken from the ‘environmentally friendly innovation’ Italian prize

The product service systems’ (PSS) sustainability potential is described in the framework of the new types of stakeholder relationships and/or partnerships, producing new convergence of economic interests, and a potential concomitant systemic resources optimization.In this perspective, it is argued that the design competencies should move towards those of the ‘strategic design’, thus introducing the concept of ‘strategic design for sustainability’: the design of an innovation strategy, shifting the business focus from designing (and selling) physical products only, to designing (and selling) a system of products and services which are jointly capable of fulfilling specific client demands, while re-orienting current unsustainable trends in production and consumption practices.Some examples of PSS are presented and discussed using the PSS categories ‘services providing added value to the product life cycle’, ‘services providing final results to customers’, and ‘services providing enabling platforms for customers’. The cases derive from an analysis of the ‘environmental friendly innovation’ yearly endowed prize submissions. The Politecnico di Milano University together with the Bocconi University and Legambiente (an environmental NGO) promotes the initiative in Italy.     

水体中挥发酚自净模式研究

采用均匀设计法设计实验，当实验条件曝气强度（ml/min)、酚的起始浓度（mg/l)、加入底泥量（g)、加入10%HgCl2量（ml)、处理温度（℃）、处理时间（小时）分别用X1、X2、X3、X4、X5、X6表示时，得到它们与含酚污水中总酚去除率Y和挥发除去酚浓度C的关系分别为：Y=-100.67 21.835Lnx1 17.920Lnx2 1.595√x3-0.124x4 1.131x5-1.086e^x6;C=-3.308 0.614Lnx1 0.307Lnx2 0.179√x3 5.100*10^-2x4 2.369*10^-2x5-0.692Lnx6。并讨论了酚在水体中自净的规律。     

载La(Ⅲ)-和Fe(Ⅲ)-氨基膦酸型螯合树脂对氟吸附性能的比较

研究并比较了载La（Ⅲ）和载Fe（Ⅲ）大孔氨基膦酸型螯合树脂对饮用水中氟离子的吸附特性。氟在载La（Ⅲ）和载Fe（Ⅲ）的螯合树脂上的吸附不随pH的变化而改变,载金属螯合树脂对氟的饱和吸附容量分别为3.78、3.55mg/g,吸附方式符合Freundlich吸附等温式,代表性竞争离子不影响氟在螯合树脂上的吸附。结果表明载Fe（Ⅲ）和载La（Ⅲ）的螯合树脂是一种有前景的饮水氟去除吸附剂。     

我国SO_2和NO_X排放强度地理分布和历史趋势

根据我国燃料消费、燃料的含硫量和硫与氮氧化物排放因子，计算我国各地区ＳＯ_２和ＮＯ_Ｘ排放强度地理分布。结果指出，我国原煤含硫量为１．１２％。１９９０年全国ＳＯ_２和ＮＯ_Ｘ的排放量分别为１７５１．８万ｔ和８４２．２万ｔ，排放强度最大的地区是中东部地区，即辽宁、河北、山东、山西和浙江。这些地区平均排放强度大于７ｔ／ｋｍ￣２·ａ。还估算了全国１９５０～１９９０年ＳＯ_２和ＮＯ_Ｘ历年的排放量。     

精密模锻模具设计

先从三种角度 :锻造设备和工作条件 ,钢材的加热温度和凹模结构形式对精密模锻模具进行分类 ;然后从六个方面讨论精密模锻模具设计要点模膛设计 ,凹模尺寸设计和强度计算 ,凸模尺寸和强度计算 ,模具的导向装置 ,顶出装置及飞边槽尺寸的设计     

公路设计中的环境保护工作

阐述了公路建设中环境保护工作的意义，提出在公路工程勘察设计工作中对环境保护的典型作法和取得的效果。     

In vitro characteristics of human fetal cells obtained from chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis

In vitro characteristics of human fetal cells have been investigated after chorionic villus sampling at the first trimester and amniocentesis at the second trimester of pregnancy. Light microscopy revealed heterogeneous morphology of cell types in both the chorionic villus culture and the amniotic fluid cultures. Based on the experiments performed, chorionic villus cells are more sensitive to pronase, trypsin, and versene during subculture and have a higher DNA content per single cell and release more [¹²⁵I]-Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin into culture medium than those found in amniotic fluid cells. The practical applications of this study are discussed.