基于人地耦合系统的国土空间重塑

地理系统主要研究地球表层人与环境相互作用的机理,强调人地关系、自然和人文要素的综合,即人地耦合系统。地理系统在国土空间中的应用主要由地理决策、地理模拟、地理工程所组成,并且相互作用构成了地理治理。国土空间是自然与人类所共同实践的物质载体,人类被自然所塑造的程度并不亚于自身塑造自然的程度,以人地耦合系统为核心的地理系统理论成为国土空间规划与整治修复的理论基础。基于人地耦合系统的国土空间重塑最终以地理治理的形式反映在人类作用于自然环境的各种活动中。经过改革开放40年的发展,中国国土空间已基本形成了较为稳定的格局,形成了经济区、贫困区、小城镇为主的三种形态空间。中国的城镇化发展与发达国家有所不同,是城市化、城镇化、乡村化“三化耦合”并存的状态。必须重视泛第三极、环中国南海、东北亚—北极等以“一带一路”全球空间为基础的战略区域研究。基于人地耦合系统理论与国土空间价值均衡理论,国土空间重塑的基础科学问题是人地耦合系统演化机理与驱动机制。国土空间规划可以划分为三种类型：发展型规划、控制型规划和修复型规划。国土空间的保护与治理包括以土地利用为核心的国土空间全域整治,以生态文明为核心的国土空间系统修复,以社会和谐为核心的国土空间综合治理。人地耦合系统最终的发展目标是形成人类与自然相互作用的命运共同体。     

Ligand exchange rate of metal-nom complexes by EDTA

Metal complexation by natural ligands is important for metal transport and distribution in surface and ground water. The goal of the work was to study the ligand exchange rate for two important metal ions in natural aquatic systems (Al, Fe) was determined using EDTA and natural organic matter (NOM) of humic type as ligands. After adding EDTA to a solution containing metal-NOM complexes, these complexes dissociated and metal-EDTA complexes were formed. Metal-NOM complexes were separated from metal-EDTA complexes with the help of size-exclusion chromatography and detected by on-line inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Injecting the samples into the system over time after addition of EDTA allowed us to measure the rate of the exchange of NOM by EDTA. The experiments could be well described with a first-order rate law assuming that the dissociation of the metal-NOM complexes is the rate-determining step. The exchange rate of Fe was found to be faster than that of Al. This corresponds well with the exchange rate of water molecules from the coordination sphere of the metal ions, which is also faster for Fe than for Al. Furthermore, the UV and the fluorescence signal of the chromatograms were measured. The results indicate that no disaggregation of NOM molecules took place, although about 75-85% of the aggregate-forming metal ions exchanged NOM by EDTA in their coordination sphere. This suggests clearly the fundamental role of NOM in colloidal transport of metals and in their bioavailability.     

低温等离子体催化氧化甲烷的实验研究

采用电容耦合等离子体和催化剂协同作用对干空气中的甲烷进行了氧化实验，并和没有放置催化剂时进行了对比，结果表明，放置催化剂后甲烷的分解效率明显提高，反应产物中CO2的选择性增加，副产物NO和NO2的浓度减少．反应所需的能耗降低。甲烷的最终氧化产物为CO、CO2和H2O。     

生物膜与A／O工艺耦合快速降解氨氮

应用由城市污水处理厂序批式间歇反应器（SBR）中筛选得到的4株特殊氨氧化菌，分别在SBR和有回流的生物膜与A／O工艺耦合体系培养中，考察其降解低碳高氨氮废水的功能。结果表明，自养硝化与异养氨氧化菌的混合菌群较单一自养硝化菌株降解氨氮速率快；在生物膜与A／O工艺耦合系统中，自养硝化与异养氨氧化菌协同代谢加速氨氮氧化脱除，氨氮脱除速率远比SBR系统快。对生物膜与A／O工艺耦合系统中氨氮脱除动力学进行了研究，模拟了NH4^＋、NO2^-；质量浓度与氨氮脱除比速率之间的关系，模型得到了较好的验证。     

氧化剂与新型絮凝剂协同去除酸性大红的研究

选取浓度为25mg/L的酸性大红-GR溶液为模拟染料废水,采用氧化-絮凝耦合工艺,探索了氧化剂种类、絮凝剂种类、废水pH值、氧化剂和絮凝剂投加量对氧化-絮凝耦合处理酸性大红染料的影响,确定最佳处理条件为:酸性大红溶液初始pH值不变,高锰酸钾和PTSS的投加量分别为为20mg/L和10mg/L(以钛离子计),脱色率和COD去除率均最大,分别为96.3%、56.5%。通过FTIR光谱扫描、絮体的显微形貌观察、酸性大红和新型絮凝剂聚硅硫酸钛(PTSS)的表面电动电位随pH值的变化的测定,分析了氧化-絮凝耦合法的反应历程:高锰酸钾破坏酸性大红的发色基团后,自身被还原成新生态二氧化锰胶体;二氧化锰胶体吸附酸性大红及其氧化产物,并被无机高分子絮凝剂PTSS通过电中和及架桥网捕等作用卷裹成絮体。     

海水中痕量元素测定及其在重金属污染源判别方面的应用

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)研究了胶州湾及莱州湾这两个海域中痕量元素污染水平,发展了ICP-MS海水环境中痕量元素的测定方法,同时找出海水环境中具有保守性的数种元素作为污染示踪元素.达到对于海水环境中痕量污染物被动示踪的目的.对18个真实样品进行了识别率试验,识别率可达90%以上,在选取3个海水样品及1个河水样品混合后的模拟分担率实验,也取得了满意的结果,其误差平均值仅有1.17%.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定水中钴的研究

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定水中的钴,在0μg／L～300μg／L范围内线性良好,相关系数均达到0．9999。该法对钴标准样品测定的结果在保证值范围。对三份不同浓度水样分别进行测定,其结果的RSD为0．2％～1．2％,空白水样的加标回收率在99％～107％之间。通过对水样的分析,符合标准要求,ICP－MS质谱仪具有灵敏度高,检出限低,取样量少,线性范围宽等特点,能快速测出水中的微量重金属元素含量。     

Enhanced methane production in an anaerobic digestion and microbial electrolysis cell coupled system with co-cultivation of Geobacter and Methanosarcina

The anaerobic digestion(AD)and microbial electrolysis cell(MEC)coupled system has been proved to be a promising process for biomethane production.In this paper,it was found that by co-cultivating Geobacter with Methanosarcina in an AD–MEC coupled system,methane yield was further increased by 24.1%,achieving to 360.2 m L/g-COD,which was comparable to the theoretical methane yield of an anaerobic digester.With the presence of Geobacter,the maximum chemical oxygen demand(COD)removal rate(216.8 mg COD/(L·hr))and current density(304.3 A/m_3)were both increased by 1.3 and 1.8 fold compared to the previous study without Geobacter,resulting in overall energy efficiency reaching up to 74.6%.Community analysis demonstrated that Geobacter and Methanosarcina could coexist together in the biofilm,and the electrochemical activities of both were confirmed by cyclic voltammetry.Our study observed that the carbon dioxide content in total gas generated from the AD reactor with Geobacter was only half of that generated from the same reactor without Geobacter,suggesting that Methanosarcina may obtain the electron transferred from Geobacter for the reduction of carbon dioxide to methane.Taken together,Geobacter not only can improve the performance of the MEC system,but also can enhance methane production.     

环境实验箱气流组织与围护结构耦合传热研究

目的研究环境实验箱在升、降温过程中气流组织与围护结构的耦合传热行为,为环境实验箱制冷/加热能力的确定提供精确的设计方法。方法首先利用UC240环境实验箱搭建实验平台,测量环境箱送风口速度分布,以及升、降温过程中室内及壁面的温度曲线,然后对环境箱进行建模,以实测的送风速度、温度作为边界条件,利用CFD方法进行仿真,最后对比分析实验值与CFD仿真的结果。结果利用CFD方法计算得到的环境箱升、降温曲线与实测值吻合较好,尤其是壁面温度曲线,误差不超过4℃。送风温度可以根据蒸发器理论或加热功率和回风温度而动态地确定。结论利用CFD方法分析环境实验箱气流组织与围护结构的耦合传热是可行的,FLUENT的UDF功能可根据需要扩展,以协助设计蒸发器和控制策略。     

WO3/TiO2复合半导体的光催化性能研究

采用Ｓｏｌ－Ｇｅｌ法制备ＷＯ３／ＴｉＯ２纳米粉末,以高压汞灯为光源,亚甲基蓝溶液的光催降为模型反应,结果表明,掺入ＷＯ３摩尔比为２％时,ＷＯ３／ＴｉＯ２的光活性最高;随着热处理温升高,ＷＯ３／ＴｉＯ光活性增强;