The Effect of Local Biomass Projects on Energy Balance and GHG Emission: A Life Cycle Approach

Emerging attention has been given to the use of biomass in local areas for its contribution to reducing fossil fuel dependence and mitigating global warming. The objective of the present study is to develop a method that quantitatively assesses the effects of local biomass projects on fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. A practical method based on a life cycle approach is proposed and applied to a case of bioethanol project in Miyako Islands of Japan. The project is aiming to produce bioethanol from molasses within the islands, and to replace the entire gasoline consumed in the islands to E3 fuel (i.e., a mixture of 3% ethanol and 97% gasoline by volume). The assessment using the developed method revealed that, first, the complete shift from gasoline to E3 fuel allows for decreases in fossil fuel consumption and GHG emission. Second, the performance of the project is improved by the integration of the ethanol plant and the sugar factory. Moreover, the assessment found that, in small-scale bioethanol projects, the contribution of capital goods to life cycle fuel consumption and GHG emission is not negligible.     

Comparative study on the efficiency and environmental impact of two methods of utilizing polyvinyl chloride waste based on life cycle assessments

Two processes of utilizing polyvinyl chloride （PVC） waste, an incineration process and a vacuum pyrolysis process, for energy conversion were compared to determine their efficiency and environmental perfor- mance. We carried out a life cycle assessment with each of the two processes to evaluate their environmental impact and defined the goals and limits of our remit. As well, we established an inventory of PVC waste from incineration and vacuum pyrolysis based on process analysis, data collection and calculations. The results show that electrical power output per unit mass of PVC waste in the incineration process was twice as high as that of the vacuum pyrolysis process. Incineration had a larger total environmental impact potential than vacuum pyrolysis. The total environmental impact potential of PVC waste from incineration was three times higher than that from vacuum pyrolysis. Incineration of PVC disposed 300 ng. 100 kgI of dioxins and vacuum pyrolysis 98.19 ng- 100 kgI of dioxins. As well, we analyzed the data for their uncertainty with results quantified in terms of three uncertainties： basic uncertainty, additional uncertainty, and computational uncertainty. The coefficients of variation of the data were less than 25% and the quality of the inventory data was acceptable with low uncertainty. Both PVC waste disposal processes were of similar quality and their results comparable. The results of our life cycle impact assessment （LCIA） showed considerable reliability of our methodology. Overall, the vacuum pyrolysis process has a number advantages and greater potential for development of PVC disposal than the incineration process.     

生命周期评价在水泥企业清洁生产审核中的应用

利用生命周期评价工具对企业的生产过程进行全面分析与评价，做好企业清洁生产的审核工作具有重要理论研究价值和现实应用意义。运用生命周期评价方法对重庆小南海水泥厂普通硅酸盐水泥生产过程进行了初步评价，认识了普通硅酸盐水泥生产过程的环境协调性，为普通硅酸盐水泥进一步提高环境性能提供了理论依据。     

湘江流域岳麓山周边地区不同水体中氢氧稳定同位素特征及相互关系

不同水体中稳定同位素的差异性组成对认识区域水文过程,如水体的补给机制、不同水体间的相互作用具有重要意义。论文基于2010—2013年湘江流域岳麓山周边地区降水、地表水、浅层土壤水和地下水中δD和δ¹⁸O的逐日数据及相关气象资料,分析了不同水体中稳定同位素的组成,揭示了不同水稳定同位素间的相互作用关系。结果表明：地表水、浅层土壤水和地下水中δD和δ¹⁸O对日降水中δD和δ¹⁸O的响应存在时滞,地表水和浅层土壤水的滞后时间较短,地下水的滞后时间较长;在天气尺度下,降水中δD和δ¹⁸O存在很好的线性关系,二者的相关系数达0.98;地表水、浅层土壤水和地下水中δD和δ¹⁸O的线性相关系数分别为0.95、0.90和0.90,均超过0.001的信度;在δD-δ¹⁸O关系中,地表水水线（SWL）、浅层土壤水水线（SSWL）和地下水水线（GWL）的斜率及截距都小于长沙大气水线（LMWL）,表明降水是区域地表水、浅层土壤水和地下水的主要补给水源,且在补给过程中,存在一定程度的蒸发,同时与其他水体存在混合交换作用;在季节尺度下,同一水体的水线斜率与截距具有正比关系,即斜率越大,截距越大;但LMWL斜率和截距的关系存在季节和年际的差异;对比同一类水线旱雨季的斜率,仅有LMWL的斜率旱季小于雨季,反映出旱季干燥的大气条件下,降落雨滴云下二次蒸发强烈的特点。     

生命周期评价方法在生活垃圾填埋中的应用与问题分析

对生活垃圾填埋过程中的生命周期评价方法按环境影响指标、计算方法与软件以及研究类型进行了分类总结。填埋过程导致的温室效应以及酸化效应造成的环境影响最大。通过分别讨论垃圾组成与特性、系统边界、计算规则、参数选取、敏感性分析以及时间效应对于生命周期评价产生的影响为后续研究提出参考。     

基于LCA的污水处理厂提标改造环境影响负荷研究

研究旨在评价污水处理厂提标改造工程前后的环境影响,并做出科学的管理决策。以呼和浩特市公主府污水处理厂为例,采用生命周期评价(LCA)的方法,定量研究了污水处理厂改造前后的环境影响负荷,识别和判断出环境影响负荷的变化量。结果表明:该污水处理厂经过改造之后的环境负荷大于改造之前,相比改造前增长约63.5%,其中水质和水体富营养化影响潜能明显减小,而不可再生资源消耗、全球变暖影响潜能的增加量较大,环境负荷增加的根本原因在于电耗的增加。最后根据评价结果提出针对污水处理厂提标改造工程的改善建议。     

基于生命周期评价的风力发电机碳足迹分析

本文以我国市场占用率最高的2 MW双馈式风力发电机为研究对象,采用生命周期评价(LCA)方法,核算其全生命周期过程的碳足迹和总能量需求,分析风力发电机不同生命周期阶段的环境影响,识别其减碳潜力.研究结果表明,风力发电机生产阶段、运输阶段、运行阶段和废弃处理处置阶段的碳足迹(以CO2-eq计,下同)分别为1701 t、61 t、255 t和-325 t;各生命周期阶段的总能量需求分别为10413 GJ、701 GJ、1561.95 GJ和-1081 GJ.风力发电机的碳足迹和总能量需求主要来源于生产阶段,废弃处理处置阶段材料的回收利用有效的降低了生命周期的碳足迹和总能量需求.生产阶段的碳足迹和总能量需求分别占全生命周期碳足迹和总能量需求的101%和90%;废弃处置阶段对碳足迹和总能量需求的贡献为-19%和-10%.每1k Wh风力发电的碳足迹和总能量需求分别为20.7 g和0.14 MJ,风力发电机的能量回收期为0.79年.敏感性分析表明,风力发电机的质量和废弃处置阶段的金属回收率都是风力发电机总能量需求和碳足迹的影响因素.     

Life cycle analysis and choice of natural gas-based automotive alternative fuels in Chongqing Municipality,China

Road transport produces significant amounts of emissions by using crude oil as the primary energy source. A reduction of emissions can be achieved by implementing alternative fuel chains. The objective of this study is to carry out an economic, environmental and energy (EEE) life cycle study on natural gas-based automotive fuels with conventional gasoline in an abundant region of China. A set of indices of four fuels/vehicle systems on the basis of life cycle are assessed in terms of impact of EEE, in which natural gas produces compressed natural gas (CNG), methanol, dimethylether (DME) and Fischer Tropsch diesel (FTD). The study included fuel production, vehicle production, vehicle operation, infrastructure and vehicle end of life as a system for each fuel/vehicle system. A generic gasoline fueled car is used as a baseline. Data have been reviewed and modified based on the best knowledge available to Chongqing local sources. Results indicated that when we could not change electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles into commercial vehicles on a large scale, direct use of CNG in a dedicated or bi-fuel vehicle is an economical choice for the region which is most energy efficient and more environmental friendly. The study can be used to support decisions on how natural gas resources can best be utilized as a fuel/energy resource for automobiles, and what issues need to be resolved in Chongqing. The models and approaches for this study can be applied to other regions of China as long as all the assumptions are well defined and modified to find a substitute automotive energy source and establish an energy policy in a specific region.     

基于生命周期的产品碳足迹评价与核算分析

近年来,越来越多的企业对其产品进行碳足迹评价,评价方法主要采用产品碳足迹评价标准提供的碳计量方程,如GHG Protocol、ISO14064、PAS 2050、TS Q 0010等。在介绍相关评价标准的基础上,分析了产品碳足迹的评价步骤,最后利用河北盛华化工有限公司生产的PVC产品为例,给出了基于生命周期的B2B模式的产品碳足迹评价的案例。为企业及相关机构开展碳足迹评价提供借鉴作用。     

模拟车用工况下5kW燃料电池尾气净化系统

模拟了车用工况下燃料电池发动机脉冲式排氢的特点,设计开发了一套质子交换膜燃料电池的尾气净化系统,并以5 kW燃料电池的尾气排放为例,研究其净化效果。研究了电池阳极排放氢气缓冲前后尾气中氢气浓度的变化,以及不同空速条件下氢气的去除效果。结果表明：电堆阳极排放氢气经过缓冲处理后,尾气中氢气浓度趋于平稳,大部分工况下处在2%以下,达到了安全处理的要求;尾气中氢气的去除效果与空速密切相关。对自制的整体式催化剂而言,当空速低于20000 h^-1时,氢气的去除率能达到约95%,而当空速达到39270 h^-1时,氢气的去除率仅为10.9%。鉴于这一问题,提出通过采用尾排空气的分流手段调整催化燃烧反应器对空速的要求,以提高尾气中氢气的去除率。