纳米硫硒化镉对小鼠肾脏和脑组织SOD活力和MDA含量的影响

为了探讨纳米硫硒化镉(CdSeS)对小鼠肾脏和脑组织的急性氧化损伤作用,将20只雄性昆明小鼠随机分成4组,采用尾部静脉注射进行一次性染毒,3个染毒组分别注入0.1、0.2、0.4mg·mL-1的纳米CdSeS粉末(20～30nm)悬液1mL,对照组注入等体积生理盐水.染毒3d后对肾脏和脑组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力和丙二醛(MDA)含量分别进行测定,从而检测纳米CdSeS对肾脏和脑组织的急性氧化损伤作用.结果显示,随着纳米CdSeS染毒浓度的升高,小鼠肾脏和脑组织中SOD活力呈逐渐降低趋势,而MDA含量呈逐渐升高趋势,均显示出一定的剂量-效应关系;较高浓度组(肾:ρCdSeS≥0.2mg·mL-1;脑:ρCdSeS≥0.4mg·mL-1)SOD活力、MDA含量与对照具有显著性差异(p<0.05,p<0.01),而较低浓度组则没有显著性差异(p>0.05).以上结果提示纳米CdSeS能够对小鼠肾脏和脑组织造成氧化损伤,并且能穿过血脑屏障作用于脑部。     

Impact of helmet use on traumatic brain injury from road traffic accidents in Cambodia

Objective: Rapid urbanization and motorization without corresponding increases in helmet usage have made traumatic brain injury due to road traffic accidents a major public health crisis in Cambodia. This analysis was conducted to quantify the impact of helmets on severity of injury, neurosurgical indication, and functional outcomes at discharge for motorcycle operators who required hospitalization for a traumatic brain injury following a road traffic accident in Cambodia.

Methods: The medical records of 491 motorcycle operators who presented to a major tertiary care center in Cambodia with traumatic brain injury were retrospectively analyzed using multivariate logistic regression.

Results: The most common injuries at presentation were contusions (47.0%), epidural hematomas (30.1%), subdural hematomas (27.9%), subarachnoid hemorrhages (12.4%), skull fractures (21.4%), and facial fractures (18.5%). Moderate-to-severe loss of consciousness was present in 36.3% of patients. Not wearing a helmet was associated with an odds ratio of 2.20 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15–4.22) for presenting with moderate to severe loss of consciousness compared to helmeted patients. Craniotomy or craniectomy was indicated for evacuation of hematoma in 20.0% of cases, and nonhelmeted patients had 3.21-fold higher odds of requiring neurosurgical intervention (95% CI, 1.25–8.27). Furthermore, lack of helmet usage was associated with 2.72-fold higher odds of discharge with functional deficits (95% CI, 1.14–6.49). In total, 30.1% of patients were discharged with severe functional deficits.

Conclusions: Helmets demonstrate a protective effect and may be an effective public health intervention to significantly reduce the burden of traumatic brain injury in Cambodia and other developing countries with increasing rates of motorization across the world.     

二氧化硫吸入对大鼠脑组织细胞的氧化损伤作用

研究了低浓度二氧化硫(SO₂ ) 对大鼠中枢神经系统毒理作用的机理,以及SO₂ (28mg/m³)吸入对大鼠脑组织细胞抗氧化酶活性和脂质过氧化水平的影响.结果表明,SO₂吸入可引起超氧化物歧化酶(Cu、Zn-SOD)活性降低、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性升高、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性无明显改变以及脑组织脂质过氧化水平显著升高.这些结果意味着SO2通过产生活性氧自由基引起脂质及其他生物大分子的氧化损伤,可能是低浓度SO₂毒理作用的机制之一.     

Prediction of probability of fatality due to brain injury in traffic accidents

Abstract

Objective: Fatal brain injuries result from physiological changes in brain tissues, subsequent to primary damage caused by head impact. Although efforts have been made in past studies to estimate the probability of brain injury, none of them involved prediction of such physiological changes. The goal of this study was to evaluate the fatality prediction capability of a novel approach that predicts an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP) due to primary head injury to estimate the fatality rate using clinical data that correlate ICP with fatality rate.

Methods: A total of 12 sets of head acceleration time histories were used to represent no, severe, and fatal brain injury. They were obtained from the literature presenting head kinematics data in noninjurious volunteer sled tests or from accident reconstruction for severe and fatal injury cases. These were first applied to a Global Human Body Models Consortium (GHBMC) head–brain model to predict nodal displacement time histories of the brain, which were then fed into FEBio to predict ICP. A Weibull distribution was applied to the data for the relationship between fatality rate and ICP obtained from a clinical paper to estimate fatality rate from ICP (procedure A). Fatality rate was also estimated by applying the temporal and spatial maximum value of maximum principal strain (MPS_max) obtained from the GHBMC simulation to an injury probability function for MPS_max (procedure B). Estimated fatality rates were compared between the 2 procedures.

Results: Both procedures estimated higher average fatality rate for higher injury severity. The average fatality rate for procedure A without ischemia representation and procedure B was 72.4 and 51.0% for the fatal injury group and 8.2 and 21.7% for the severe injury group, respectively, showing that procedure A provides more distinct classification between fatal and nonfatal brain injury. It was also found that representation of ischemia in procedure A provides results sensitive to injury severity and impact conditions, requiring further validation of the initial estimate for the relationship between brain compression and ischemic cell death.

Conclusions: Prediction of the probability of fatality by means of a combination of simulations of the primary brain deformation and subsequent ICP increase was found to be more distinct compared to the prediction of primary injury alone combined with the injury probability function from a past study in the select 12 head impact cases.     

大凉疣螈脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)基因的克隆与序列分析

大凉疣螈 (Ｔｙｌｏｔｏｔｒｉｔｏｎｔａｌｉａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ)属于两栖纲有尾目蝾螈科 ,仅分布在我国四川省西南部 ,活动范围狭窄 ,数量有限 ,是我国二级保护动物[1] .两栖动物在生物进化中是承上启下的关键动物 ,它们开启了脊椎动物登上陆地的历史 ,而且是真正陆生脊椎动物—爬行动物的祖先 ,其生理、结构等方面与鱼类和爬行类都有着明显的差别 .脑源性神经营养因子 (ｂｒａｉｎ ｄｅｒｉｖｅｄｎｅｕｒｏｔｒｏｐｈｉｃｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＢＤＮＦ)是神经营养因子家族的一员 ,ＢＤＮＦ在脊椎动物胚胎神经系统的发育、分化及在成体神经系统维…     

二氧化硫吸入对小鼠脑、心、肾、睾丸超微结构的影响

为了研究二氧化硫(SO2)对小鼠脑、心、肾、睾丸超微结构的影响,以探讨其毒性作用的本质,对小鼠进行SO2动态吸入染毒.设对照组及SO2染毒组(28、56 mg·m-3),取各组小鼠脑、心、肾、睾丸于电镜下观察.结果表明:(1)SO2染毒组小鼠脑组织的部分神经元细胞和许多胶质细胞受损,可见胶质细胞核畸形、内质网扩张、线粒体肿胀,以及神经纤维发生髓鞘分离的现象,2种剂量未见明显差异.(2)SO2染毒组小鼠心肌细胞的线粒体肿胀,肌原纤维结构紊乱,细胞核染色质有边集、团块状改变现象,血管内皮细胞肿胀,心肌闰盘扩张、松解;剂量较高的SO2(56 mg·m-3)染毒组小鼠,还可见到心肌纤维断裂、溶解,部分心肌细胞肌膜破裂,细胞器释出现象,并可观察到淋巴细胞浸润(3)SO2染毒组小鼠肾近曲小管上皮细胞受损严重,肾小球和远曲小管上皮细胞也有一定程度的损伤,可见内质网扩张、线粒体肿胀现象;SO2剂量为56 mg·m-3的染毒组较剂量为28 mg·m-3染毒组更为严重,可见肾小管上皮细胞嗜酸性变、线粒体空泡变现象.(4)SO2染毒可引起小鼠睾丸的基膜、各级生精细胞、精子和支持细胞发生病理改变,可观察到线粒体肿胀、核膜不清、精细胞顶体脱落现象;SO2剂量为56 mg·m-3时比剂量为28 mg·m-3时超微结构损伤严重,可见基膜破损、细胞器释出现象.本研究为SO2是一种全身性有毒因子的观点提供了病理形态学证据.     

Distribution of benzo[a]pyrene in discrete regions of rat brain tissue using light microscopic autoradiography and gamma counting

In order to study the distribution of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) in rat brain, Sprague-Dawley male rats, 21-day-old, weighted 40–50 g were given a single intravenous (iv) injection of 3.7 × 10⁵ Bq kg^?1 of ¹⁴C-B[a]P. Rats were sacrificed at 1, 6, 12, 24, or 48 h after the administration of radiolabeled B[a]P. Light microscopic autoradiography and gamma counting were used. Gamma counting and light microscopic autoradiography showed that ¹⁴C-B[a]P localized in hippocampus at 1 h, in cerebral cortex at 6 h, and corpus striatum at 24 h after treatment. After B[a]P administration, silver grains rose with time reaching a peak at 24 h and sharp decrease at 48 h. The silver grains distribution was higher in neurons than in gliocytes. Thus, B[a]P penetrated the blood-brain barrier and distributed in various regions of rat brain.     

Effects of two organophosphorus insecticides on some biochemical constituents in the nervous system and liver of rabbits

Abstract

Male Baladi rabbits were acutely and sub‐chronically intoxicated with cyanofenphos and profenophos. The levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, B‐lipoproteins and total proteins were determined in the serum, brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerve of rabbits. Moreover, the activities of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase were determined in the liver of the animals. The whole Studie revealed that the biochemical constituents were highly affected by the tested insecticides. Also, the liver function suffered from adverse effects of the tested insecticides.