再论次生石英岩型非金属矿床

次生石英岩型非金属矿床明显受不同级别的火山构造控制,是中—酸性火山岩区一套很有特色的矿床组合;热源、水源、地层产状有机组合生成的环流热液是成矿的前提之一;成矿流体以重碳酸盐型、硫酸盐型为主,属中—低盐度热液;温度、pH值、fo_2等物理化学条件是矿床及矿种类刑的重要控制因素。本文在《次生石英岩容矿型非金属矿床系列的矿种、组合及其成矿作用特征》(1986)一文基础上,进一步总结这类矿床的成矿机理和地质地球化学模式。     

粤东一个类型独特的锡矿床

作者对西岭凤地山锡矿床的成矿地质条件,特别是火山构造、岩浆演化与成矿的关系进行了研究,认为:西岭锡矿是一个与火山侵出相碎斑熔岩时、空、成因关系密切的次火山热液脉状锡矿床。根据西岭锡矿的地质环境和成矿物理化学条件、矿质、水介质来源建立了理想的成矿模式。进而指出粤东斑岩锡矿的远景。西岭锡矿类型的确定,对粤东和赣南火山岩地区锡矿普查具有重要意义。     

成渝地区典型中小城市VOCs污染特征、臭氧生成潜势及来源分析

为了解成渝地区中小城市VOCs污染特征及其来源,选取该区域典型代表城市-遂宁市为研究对象,利用2019年不同时间不同功能区106种VOCs离线观测数据,研究了该市VOCs污染水平和时空特征,分析了VOCs主要成分及其对臭氧的影响,并进行了源解析。结果显示：(1)遂宁市大气中VOCs平均体积分数为39.4×10^-9,8月的浓度较高,其空间排序为工业区>城郊区≈文教区。(2)OVOCs和烷烃是VOCs主要组分,占比达73.4%,且不受时间和空间限制;工业区不同组分浓度均高于城郊区和文教区,城郊区和文教区的同组分占比相差较小;丙酮和乙烷是VOCs中体积分数最大的物种,占总体积分数的37.8%。(3)VOCs组分对OFP贡献率顺序为烯烃>芳香烃>OVOCs>烷烃>炔烃>卤代烃>有机硫,前4类组分对OFP贡献率达97.6%,烯烃对OFP贡献率不仅每日最大,而且还呈现“城郊区>文教区>工业区”空间分布态势;异戊二烯、乙烯是OFP最大的物种,在不同功能区其OFP均高于其他物种,是遂宁市臭氧防治关注重点。(4)VOCs排放源及...     

泸州市降水监测布点优化研究

在泸州市2016—2020年大气降水监测数据的基础上,借助聚类分析、多元方差分析等统计分析手段,对原有降水监测点位进行优化研究,并验证优化结果。在遵循《酸沉降监测技术规范》(HJ/T 165—2004)点位布设要求的前提下,建立了降水监测点位评价体系,从原有7个降水监测点位中优化筛选出3个。优化后的点位对监测结果的影响显著性均>0.05,表明优化前后全市降水数据无显著性差异,该优化方案不会影响区域整体代表性。     

Economic development and environmental protection: an ecological economics perspective

This paper argues on both theoretical and empirical grounds that, beyond a certain point, there is an unavoidable conflictbetween economic development (generally taken to mean 'materialeconomic growth') and environmental protection. Think for a moment of natural forests, grasslands, marine estuaries, salt marshes, and coral reefs; and of arable soils, aquifers, mineraldeposits, petroleum, and coal. These are all forms of 'natural capital' that represent highly-ordered self-producing ecosystemsor rich accumulations of energy/matter with high use potential (low entropy). Now contemplate despoiled landscapes, eroding farmlands, depleted fisheries, anthropogenic greenhouse gases,acid rain, poisonous mine tailings and toxic synthetic compounds.These all represent disordered systems or degraded forms of energy and matter with little use potential (high entropy). The main thing connecting these two states is human economic activity. Ecological economics interprets the environment-economyrelationship in terms of the second law of thermodynamics. The second law sees economic activity as a dissipative process. Fromthis perspective, the production of economic goods andservices invariably requires the consumption of available energy and matter. To grow and develop, the economynecessarily 'feeds' on sources of high-quality energy/matter first produced by nature. This tends to disorder and homogenizethe ecosphere, The ascendance of humankind has consistently been accompanied by an accelerating rate of ecological degradation, particularly biodiversity loss, the simplificationof natural systems and pollution. In short, contemporary political rhetoric to the contrary, the prevailing growth-oriented global development paradigm is fundamentally incompatible with long-term ecological and social sustainability. Unsustainability is not a technical nor economic problem as usually conceived, but rather a state of systemic incompatibilitybetween a economy that is a fully-contained, growing, dependent sub-system of a non-growing ecosphere. Potential solutions fly inthe face of contemporary development trends and cultural values.     

Interpretation of roadside PM10 monitoring data from Sunderland,United Kingdom

Roadside PM₁₀ has been monitored by Partisol® at three sitesin Sunderland between August 1997 and February 1998. The sites chosen were an inner city kerbside site; a roadside site adjacentto a dual carriageway on the outskirts of Sunderland with an openaspect; and a rural site.The results indicate that there is a seasonal variation in the relationship between the sites in terms of monitored PM₁₀.In the winter there is a poor correlation between the sites whereas in the summer significant correlations are obtained. Of the sites monitored PM₁₀ is consistently highest at the inner city roadside site. During the summer, exceedances of theU.K. 50 g m^-3 standard (DETR, 2000) are associated with conditions suitable for the build-up of photochemical pollutionhowever during the winter period exceedances are recorded duringa variety of weather conditions.At the dual carriageway site PM_2.5 has also been recorded and contributions to measured PM₁₀ are 77% in summer and68% in winter. The results illustrate a number of inconsistencies between this study utilising the Partisol® andothers reporting results where PM₁₀ has been monitored by TEOM®.     

Application of the benthic index of biotic integrity to environmental monitoring in Chesapeake Bay

The Chesapeake Bay benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) was developed to assess benthic community health and environmental quality in Chesapeake Bay. The B-IBI provides Chesapeake Bay monitoring programs with a uniform tool with which to characterize bay-wide benthic community condition and assess the health of the Bay. A probability-based design permits unbiased annual estimates of areal degradation within the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries with quantifiable precision. However, of greatest interest to managers is the identification of problem areas most in need of restoration. Here we apply the B-IBI to benthic data collected in the Bay since 1994 to assess benthic community degradation by Chesapeake Bay Program segment and water depth. We used a new B-IBI classification system that improves the reliability of the estimates of degradation. Estimates were produced for 67 Chesapeake Bay Program segments. Greatest degradation was found in areas that are known to experience hypoxia or show toxic contamination, such as the mesohaline portion of the Potomac River, the Patapsco River, and the Maryland mainstem. Logistic regression models revealed increased probability of degraded benthos with depth for the lower Potomac River, Patapsco River, Nanticoke River, lower York River, and the Maryland mainstem. Our assessment of degradation by segment and water depth provided greater resolution of relative condition than previously available, and helped define the extent of degradation in Chesapeake Bay.     

盲样考核浓度预判及稀释方法——以原子荧光法测定水中砷为例

以原子荧光法测定水中砷为例,探讨了实验室盲样考核浓度预判及稀释方法.分析了3个砷盲样考核实例,归纳了“直接稀释法”“系列稀释法”“最大稀释法”3种方法,分别适用于盲样浓度范围窄、适中、宽3种情况,检测人员可根据考核机构给定的浓度范围合理选用.     

南宁城市内河沉积物中SVOCs的分布与风险评价

采用加速溶剂萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术对南宁市7条城市内河表层沉积物中的64种半挥发性有机物(SVOCs)进行了分析测定,定量检出12种SVOCs,包括7种多环芳烃类(PAHs)、1种酚类和4种酯类,其中属于我国优先控制污染物的有8种,属于美国优先控制污染物的有11种。南宁市城市内河沉积物中的SVOCs总量范围为6.75~34.45 μg/g(以干质量计),均值为15.85 μg/g(以干质量计),以竹排冲的含量最高,污染程度与工业污染源的关系十分密切。特征污染物为酞酸酯,在各测点的比重均占检出总含量的83%以上。除相思湖外的6条城市内河的沉积物均检出PAHs,区域内的工业生产活动对城市内河沉积物的PAHs有重要贡献。应用效应区间低值(ERL)和效应区间中值(ERM)指标对沉积物进行的生态风险评价表明,南宁市城市内河沉积物的生态风险较小。     

土壤重金属分析方法间检测结果一致性判断方法——数据对t值检验法的改进与完善

不同分析方法测定结果间的比较,或者说如何判断两种分析方法测定结果的一致性,是检测实验室经常遇到的实际问题。其应用场景包括方法标准验证实验、新方法与经典方法间的比对,特别是在缺少标准样品、测试数据不满足t值检验的条件下,选用合适的判据尤其重要。以采用单波长激发型能量色散X射线荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤和水系沉积物样品中Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr、Co、V、Mn、Mo、Sb等重金属含量所得数据为例,探讨了《环境监测分析方法标准制订技术导则》(HJ 168—2020)附录B中规定的"数据对t值检验法"的不足及改进办法,即用数据对相对偏差和再现性限合格率作为判据,判断分析方法测定结果的一致性。对一组验证样品分别用两种分析方法进行了测定,在数据对t值检验的基础上,取各元素测定结果的相对偏差与相关限值进行比较,或者取两者的差值与基准分析方法标准规定的再现性限进行比较,利用合格率大小协助判断了两分析方法测定结果的一致性。研究结果表明,此方法符合日常质控技术规范中关于精密度的规定,实用性强,是一条将数理统计原理与专业知识相结合的合理技术路线。